§ Lesson 30 The death of a ghost 幽灵之死
　　【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
　　●labourer n. 劳动者
　　●overnight adv. 一夜之间
　　●hay n. 干草
　　●corn n. 谷物
　　●moonlight n. 月光
　　●conscientious adj. 认真的
　　●suspect v. 怀疑
　　●desert v. （军队中）开小差
　　●regiment n. （军队）团
　　●action n. 战斗
　　●recluse n. 隐士
　　
　　■labourer n. 劳动者
　　labourer 特别强调使用体力，而不是技能；户外工作
　　workman 指具有某种工艺技能的半熟练工人
　　worker 泛指，暗示具有更高的技术水平，通常指脑力劳动者
　　farmhand 农场雇工，农业工人; farm labourer
　　
　　■overnight adv. 一夜之间
　　■hay n. 干草
　　■corn n. 谷物
　　■moonlight n. 月光
　　■conscientious adj. 认真的
　　a conscientious teacher
　　conscious adj. 意识到的，清楚的
　　
　　■suspect v. 怀疑
　　suspect vt. 怀疑 to believe to be true or likely
　　I suspected him of stealing the car.
　　suspected that…
　　He suspected that his girlfriend tried to hide her true feelings.
　　suspect sb. to be
　　I suspect him to be a spy.
　　doubt 怀疑, 表示否定的语意
　　I doubt whether he is a liar. / I suspect that he is a liar.
　　I doubt the truth of his statement.
　　suspicious adj.
　　Cats are suspicious of human beings.
　　suspicion n. 猜疑，怀疑
　　
　　■desert v. （军队中）开小差
　　desert vt. run away without permission
　　The soldier deserted his army.
　　We sheltered from the storm in a deserted hut.
　　abandon 放弃
　　desert 违背法律、道义、责任、信仰
　　desert the army, desert school, desert his duty, desert his family
　　abandon 被迫放弃所感兴趣或所负责任的东西。
　　He had to abandon his favorite research because of the war.
　　forsake vt. 放弃，抛弃，与……脱离关系
　　Eg.: He forsook his family.
　　discard v. 放弃，丢弃： give up as useless
　　Eg.: everyday we discard a large amount of rubbish.
　　
　　■regiment n. （军队）团
　　■action n. 战斗
　　■recluse n. 隐士
　　
　　【Text】
　　§ Lesson 30 The death of a ghost 幽灵之死
　　 Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
　　Why did the two brothers keep the secret?
　　
　　For years villagers believed that Endley farm was haunted. The farm was owned by two brothers, Joe and Bob Cox. They employed a few farm hands, but no one was willing to work there long. Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the sam story. Farm labourers said that they always woke up to find the work had been done overnight. Hay had been cut and cow sheds had been cleaned. A farm worker,who stayed up all night, claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the moonlight. In time, it became an accepted fact that the Cox brothers employed a conscientious ghost that did most of their work for them.
　　No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen. This was indeed the case. A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died. Everyone went to the funeral, for the 'ghost' was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. After the funeral, Joe and Bob revealed a secret which they had kept for over forty years.
　　Eric had been the eldest son of the family, very much older than his two brothers. He had been obliged to join the army during the Second World War. As he hated army life he decided to desert his regiment. When he learnt that he would be sent abroad, he returned to the farm and his farther hid him until the end of the war. Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well. His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action. The only other people who knew the secret were Joe and Bob. They did not even tell their wives. When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric in hiding. All these years, Eric had lived as a recluse.He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley. When he died, however, his brothers found it impossible to keep the secret any longer.
　　
　　参考译文
　　多年来，村民们一直认为恩得利农场在闹鬼。恩得利农场属于乔.考科斯和鲍勃.考科斯兄弟俩所有。他们雇了几个农工，但谁也不愿意在那儿长期工作下去。每次雇工辞职后都叙述着同样的故事。雇工们说，常常一早起来发现有人在夜里把活干了，干草已切好，牛棚也打扫干净了。有一个彻夜未眠的雇工还声称他看见一个人影在月光下收割庄稼。随着时间的流逝，考科斯兄弟雇了一个尽心尽责的鬼，他们家的活大部分都让鬼给干了，这件事成了公认的事实。
　　谁也没想到农场竟会有一个从未露面的人。但事实上确有此人。不久之前，村民们惊悉恩得利农场的鬼死了。大家都去参加了葬礼，因为那“鬼”不是别人，正是农场主的兄弟埃里克.考科斯。人们以为埃里克年轻时就死了。葬礼之后，乔和鲍勃透露了他们保守了长达50多年的秘密。
　　埃里克是这家长子。年龄比他两个弟弟大很多，第二次世界大战期间被迫参军。他讨厌军旅生活，决定逃离所在部队。当他了解自己将被派遣出国时，他逃回农场，父亲把他藏了起来，直到战争结束。由于害怕当局，埃里克战后继续深藏不露。他的父亲告诉大家，埃里克在战争中被打死了。除此之外，只有乔与鲍知道这个秘密。但他俩连自己的妻子都没告诉。父亲死后，他们兄弟俩认为有责任继续把埃里克藏起来。这些年来，埃里克过着隐士生活，白天睡觉，夜里出来干活，一点不知道自己已成了恩得利家场的活鬼。他死后，他的弟弟们才觉得无法再保守这个秘密了。
　　
　　【课文讲解】
　　It is said the public house was haunted.
　　haunt: visit somewhere very often
　　He haunted this cinema.
　　
　　own == possess
　　the farm was possessed by two brothers.
　　be willing to ==be ready to do
　　
　　every time ==whenever引导时间状语从句
　　Every time I listen to his advice, I get into trouble.
　　Whenever I listen to his advice, I get into trouble.
　　
　　wake up to find that 醒过来的时候，结果却发现……
　　to 不定式做结果状语
　　He woke up to find that he was surrounded by a large crowd of people.
　　He hurried to the post office only to find that it was shut.
　　
　　and 平行句式结构
　　hay 干草
　　
　　A farm worker, who…, claimed to …
　　句子主干：A farm worker claimed to …
　　claim to have done
　　claim to have done 声称做过某事
　　Eg: He claimed to have seen the puma.
　　Seamen claimed to have seen monsters.
　　see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事
　　who 引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明 a farm worker
　　These young people, who love the peace of the moutains, always receive a warm welcome at Salnt Bernard Monastery.
　　stay up : not to go to bed
　　I stayed up last night
　　The boy sat up to see the film.
　　wait up for/sit up for 为了等待某人回来而不睡觉
　　Don’t wait up for me, I’ll be home very late.
　　burn the midnight oil 开夜车
　　Eg: I have to burn the midnight oil tonight to complete work.
　　
　　in time 最后，终于
　　
　　It became an accepted fact that…
　　变成一个大家都接受的事实
　　that 引导同位语从句，补充说明fact
　　
　　同位语补充说明先行词的内涵
　　An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way.
　　Everybody had already accepted the fact that the puma is still at large.
　　It becomes an accepted fact that eht puma is still at large.
　　
　　that引导定语从句
　　
　　No one suspected that…
　　someone else who had neer been seen
　　
　　be astonished = be surprised
　　astonish, surprise, amaze, astound
　　be astonished to do sth.
　　I’m not surprised to see he is still as fat as before.
　　
　　for == as 是对全句的补述
　　
　　none other than == no other than 强调结构，表示不是别人而正是……
　　Eg: The man who had sent the flowers was none other than the man she had spoken to the night before.
　　
　　It was no other than my old friend Johnson.
　　The man who spoke to her was none other than her husband.
　　
　　nothing else than 仅仅
　　Eg: His failiure was due to nothing else than his own carelessness.
　　
　　a third brother 又一位兄弟
　　who was supposed = who was thought
　　He was supposed to have died 20 years before.
　　
　　keep secret 保密
　　reveal secret 揭露秘密，披露秘密
　　The press revealed the scandal.
　　He kept secret for a long time.
　　he kept it to himself for a long time.
　　
　　very much : much 用来加强语气
　　be obliged to do = be forced to do 被迫做某事
　　He had been in hiding...
　　Fearing the authorities...现在分词引导原因状语
　　in hiding = in concealment
　　he remained in hiding at home...
　　
　　the only other people who knew the secret 仅知道的人
　　the only other people who finished the work 仅完成这项工作的人
　　
　　they thought it their duty to...
　　it 形式宾语
　　I thought it very difficult to pass this examination.
　　We all think it our duty to support our parents.
　　形式宾语it和宾语补足语直接搭配连用，宾语补足语可以是名词或形容词
　　
　　形容词短语做状语，进一步补充说明全句
　　 quite unaware of the fact that...
　　that 引导同位语从句
　　We amass requisites quite unaware of the fact.
　　amass 收藏，积聚
　　
　　his brothers found it impossible to do...
　　it形式宾语
　　It is quite impossible to finish the hard work in 2 hours.
　　I found it quite impossible to finish the hard work in 2 hours.
　　
　　【Multiple choice questions】
　　Comprehension
　　1 While farmhands stayed at Endley Farm _____ .
　　a. they woke up during the night to find their work had been done for them
　　b. they often saw a figure working in the fields at night
　　c. they did not have any work to do
　　d. it never occurred to them that there was someone in hiding on the farm
　　it never occur to them that...
　　it 在这儿是形式主语
　　
　　2 Eric remained in hiding after the war because
　　a. he feared the penalty he might receive for his desertion
　　b. his father had told everyone he had died
　　c. he was afraid of being sent abroad by the authorities
　　d. he was fond of the life of a recluse
　　penalty ==punishment 惩罚
　　
　　3 When did the identity of the ‘ghost’ become known?
　　a. When the illagers attended the funeral.
　　b. Fifty years after the outbreak of the Second World War.
　　c. when the father or me three Cox brothers died.
　　d. When Joe and Bob felt they would have to have their brother buried.
　　
　　Structure
　　4 Farm labourers said that on waking up _____ work had been done.(ll.4-5)
　　a. to find b. they would find c. and finding d. they had found
　　
　　5 ---- employed a conscientious ghost, _____ most oftheir work for them. (ll.8-9)
　　a. doing b. to have done c. which did d. so as to do
　　
　　6 As he hated _____ , he decided to desert … (l.16)
　　a. the life of army b. life in the army c. life of the army d. the army for life
　　军队生活： army life; life in the army
　　学校生活： school life; life in the school
　　
　　7 ---- Eric had been killed _____ fighting with his regiment. (ll.18-19)
　　a. while b. during c. as if d. because
　　
　　8 Joe and Bob were the only other people who knew the secret _____ their wives. (ll.19-20)
　　a. and did not even tell b. which they did not even tell
　　c. who did not tell d. yet did not tell it to
　　
　　Vocabulary
　　9 _____ , it became an accepted fact. … (1.8)
　　a. At the time b. On time c. With time d. At times
　　at times == occasionally 有时
　　on time 准时
　　
　　10 He was _____ during the Second World War. (ll.15-16)
　　a. recruited b. conscripted c. armed d. regimented
　　recruit 招募军队 可指非法招募
　　Eg: Can't you recruit more members to the music society?
　　conscript 根据法律或宪法征兵，与介词into 连用，在美语中用draft
　　regiment n. 军团； vt. 使受训练
　　arm vt. 武装
　　
　　11 All these years, Eric had lived _____ . (ll.20-21)
　　a. out of this world b. a secret life c. without a companion d. the life of a hermit
　　
　　12 He used to work at night, _____ that he had become the ghost of Endley. (ll.21-22)
　　a. never realizing b. quite misunderstanding c. quite ignoring d. never accounting for
　　realize == become aware of
　　never realizing = quite unaware of
　　
　　【Key to Multiple choice questions】
　　1. D 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. A
　　

§ Lesson 29 Funny or not? 是否可笑？
　　【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
　　●largely adv. 在很大程度上
　　●comic adj. 喜剧的，可笑的
　　●universal adj. 普遍的
　　●comedian n. 滑稽演员，喜剧演员
　　●distasteful adj. 讨厌的
　　●pester v. 一再要求，纠缠
　　●dread v. 惧怕
　　●recovery n. 康复
　　●plaster n. 熟石膏
　　●console v. 安慰，慰问
　　●hobble v. 瘸着腿走
　　●compensate v. 补偿
　　●mumble v. 喃喃而语
　　
　　■largely adv. 在很大程度上
　　Eg.: He success was largely due to luck.
　　
　　■comic adj. 喜剧的，可笑的
　　■universal adj. 普遍的
　　universal agent 全权代理人
　　universal time 世界时
　　universal joint 万向接头
　　universality n. 普遍性
　　universally adv.
　　Eg.: It universally acknowledged that English is getting more and more important.
　　universe 宇宙
　　
　　■comedian n. 滑稽演员，喜剧演员
　　comedy 喜剧
　　tragedy 悲剧
　　tragic 悲剧的
　　comic 喜剧的
　　
　　■distasteful adj. 讨厌的
　　Eg.: The idea is distasteful to me.
　　distastefully adv.
　　
　　■pester v. 一再要求，纠缠
　　==assail (l28)
　　pester sb. to do
　　pester sb. with
　　Eg.: He contunually pesters his boss with demands.
　　pester sb. for sth.
　　
　　■dread v. 惧怕
　　后面可以跟名词、动名词、不定式搭配连用
　　Eg.: We were dreading his arrival.我们正担心他来呢。
　　I dread to think what will happened if she find out.
　　He dread having to meet his parents.
　　dreadful adj.
　　dreaded
　　in dread of
　　fear 一般的恐惧
　　horrify 使恐怖，使极度恐惧
　　
　　■recovery n. 康复
　　■plaster n. 熟石膏
　　■console v. 安慰，慰问
　　Eg.: He is consoling his friend in grief for the loss of child.
　　
　　■hobble v. 瘸着腿走
　　■compensate v. 补偿
　　■mumble v. 喃喃而语
　　
　　【Text】
　　§ Lesson 29 Funny or not? 是否可笑？
　　Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
　　What is the basis of ‘sick’ humour?
　　
　　Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up. The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears.
　　Most funny stories are based on comic situations. In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal. No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films. However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from the U.S., has recently come into fashion. It is called' sick humour '. Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accidents. Many people find this sort of joke distasteful. The following example of 'sick humour' will enable you to judge for yourself.
　　A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas. From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home. He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital. Though the doctor did his best, the patient's recovery was slow. On Christmas day, the man still had his right leg in plaster. He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing. The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good. The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to a party. To compensate for his unpleas-
　　ant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him. In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals. He was still mumbling some-
　　thing about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
　　
　　参考译文
　　我们觉得一则笑话是否好笑，很大程度取决于我们是在哪儿长大的。幽默感与民族有着神秘莫测的联系。譬如，法国人听完一则俄国笑话可能很难发笑。同样的道理，一则可以令英国人笑出泪来的笑话，俄国人听了可能觉得没有什么可笑之处。
　　大部分令人发笑的故事都是根据喜剧情节编写的。尽管民族不同，有些滑稽的情节却能产生普遍的效果。比如说，不管你生活在哪里，你看查理.卓别林的早期电影很难不发笑。然而，近来一种新式幽默流行了起来，这种幽默主要来自美国。它被叫作“病态幽默”。喜剧演员根据悲剧情节诸如暴死，重大事故等来编造笑话。许多人认为这种笑话是低级庸俗的。下面是个“病态幽默”的实例，你可据此自己作出判断。
　　圣诞节前几周，某人摔断了右腿被送进医院。从他进医院那一刻时，他就缠住医生，让医生告诉他什么时候能回家。他十分害怕在医院过圣诞。尽管医生竭力医治，但病人恢复缓慢。圣诞节那天，他的右腿还上着石膏，他在床上郁郁不乐地躺了一天，想着他错过的种种欢乐。然而，第二天，医生安慰他说，出院欢度新年的可能性还是很大的，那人听后振作了精神。果然，除夕时他可以一瘸一拐地去参加晚会了。为了补偿住院这一段不愉快的经历，那人喝得稍许多了一点。在晚会上他尽情娱乐，一再告诉大家他是多么讨厌医院。晚会结束时，他嘴里还在嘟哝着医院的事，突然踩到一块冰上滑倒了，摔断了左腿。
　　
　　【课文讲解】
　　
　　I found it difficult to finish the work in a day.
　　第1句话是文章的topic
　　
　　be based on:以……作为基础
　　It was difficult not to be tempted
　　Stem from, come from, arise from, originate from
　　His feeling of hate stems from envy
　　Her interest in flowers stemed from her childhood in the country
　　come into fashion 开始流行
　　come into being 开始形成
　　come into power 开始执政
　　
　　Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accidents.
　　Some funny stories are based on tragic situations.
　　
　　A man whose right leg had been broken...
　　
　　From the moment he arrived at party, he enjoyed himself very much.
　　
　　keep doing sth. 不间断的，不停的做某事
　　keep on doing sth. 反复、重复干某事(中间可以有短暂的暂停) (keep: vi.)
　　Don’t keep on asking silly questions.
　　He kept smoking all the while.
　　He kept on smoking all the while.
　　keep +宾语+动词ing形式，keep on 不能用于该句型
　　He kept me waiting for an hour.
　　I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
　　
　　dread to do ==dread doing
　　
　　a miserable day: a terrible day
　　
　　think of 想到，想起，想着
　　When I saw you I thought of my sister.
　　think of doing sth.
　　He is thinking of setting up a school.
　　
　　spend time doing sth.
　　
　　by 通过某种方式手段
　　dread to do = dread doing
　　a miserable day: a terrible day
　　think of:想到，想起，想着
　　When I saw you I thought of my sister.
　　think of doing sth.
　　He is thinking of setting up a school.
　　spend time doing sth.
　　by:通过某种方式手段
　　I arrived here by train.
　　在表达可能性这个语句的时候，经常采用复数形式
　　chances of
　　My chances of passing the examination are good.
　　It is quite possible for me to pass the examination.
　　
　　His chances of being dismissed are good.
　　记熟：his chances of doing sth. are good. / remote 做……可能性极大/极小
　　remote
　　His chances of arriving here by bicycle are remote.
　　slight
　　He took heart when he got the good news.
　　lose heart :失去信心，失去勇气
　　
　　The cake is more than I can eat.
　　mecessary, gook, possible, anticipate, expect, feel, suggest, report, require, think
　　
　　He eats more than is good for him.
　　as
　　He arrived as I expected. / He arrived as was expected.
　　He eats just as much as is good for him.
　　He eats more than is good for him.
　　The man drank just as much was good for him.
　　She is quite fat. ==She isn’t right fat.
　　
　　Yesterday I went swimming. In the process, I had a very good time.
　　
　　I was lookingfor yourhouse and got lostin the process.
　　keep telling ==keep on telling
　　
　　how much ----to what extent
　　How much can I trust him?
　　
　　when: at that moment
　　
　　【Multiple choice questions】
　　Comprehension
　　1 Whether you find ‘sick humour’ funny or not will depend on _____ .
　　a. your having been brought up in America
　　b. the joke being related to a fundamentally comic situation
　　c. your ability to see the funny side of an unpleasant event
　　d. your ability to laugh until you cry
　　the funny side of…
　　
　　2 The man spent Christmas Day feeling miserable because _____ .
　　a. the doctor had failed to attend to him
　　b. he was not able to be with his friends.
　　c. being unable to walk, he did not enjoy the celebrations at the hospital
　　d. he thought he might also miss the New Year’s Eve celebrations
　　He spent a miseable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing.
　　
　　3 The point of the joke taken to illustrate ‘sick humour’ is that _____ .
　　a. no sooner was the man out of hospital than he had to go back in again
　　b. the man should not have said how much he hated hospitals
　　c. the man would be unable to walk for the rest of his life
　　d. the man had not got a leg to stand on
　　taken to illustrate…过去分词
　　
　　Structure
　　4 _____ , for instance, might find it hard to … (ll.3-4)
　　a. The French b. A French c. A man in Frnace d. If you were French
　　缺少主语
　　任意一个法国人 a french man
　　a man in France 法国有那么一个人
　　
　　5 _____ amusing stories are based on comic situations. (l.7)
　　a. Most b. Most of c. The majority d. Mostly
　　most of the (art.) +n.
　　most of the students
　　the majority of …大多数
　　
　　6 A man _____ broken was taken to hospital … (l.13)
　　a. whose right leg had been b. who had the right leg
　　c. with one right leg d. to whom the right leg had been
　　who 引导定语从句
　　a man who had broken his…
　　
　　7 He had no sooner arrived there _____ pestering his doctor … (ll.13-14)
　　a. and then he began b. than he gegan c. he began d. to begin
　　no sooner than
　　
　　8 The man compensated for his unpleasant exeriences in hospital _____ a little more than … (ll.19-20)
　　a. drinking b. to drink c. by drinking d. and drunk
　　by drinking
　　by 表示通过某种手段
　　
　　Vocabulary
　　9 Though the doctor _____ … (l.15)
　　a. worked very well b. could not have been better c. was extremely skilled d. did all he could
　　try one’s best / doone’s best 竭尽全力
　　
　　10 The doctor him by _____ … (l.17)
　　a. felt b. advised c. pleased d. comforted
　　comfort:安慰
　　
　　11 ----and kept telling everyone _____ hehated hospitals. (l.21)
　　a. at great lengths that b. to their cost c. to what extent d. why
　　how much…多么（痛恨）
　　to what extent = how much
　　at geat lengths = in great detail 详细的
　　to one’s cost 通过痛苦的体验
　　Eg.: Wasp’s stings are serious as I know to my cost.
　　
　　12 He was still mumbling something _____ at the end … (ll.21-22)
　　a. in the same way b. to the same effect c. of comon sense d. of some sort
　　in the same way 强调使用相同的方式
　　
　　【Key to Multiple choice questions】
　　1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. D 11. C 12. B

　§ Lesson 28 Five pounds too dear 五镑太贵
　　【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
　　●wares n. 货物，商品
　　●anchor v. 停航下锚
　　●deck n. 甲板
　　●silverware n.银器
　　●tempt v. 吸引，引诱
　　●bargain v. 讨价还价
　　●disembark v. 下船上岸
　　●assail v. 纠缠
　　●marble n. 小玻璃球
　　●inscribe v. 刻写，雕
　　●favour n. 好处，优惠
　　●gesticulate v. （讲话时）打手势
　　●outrageous adj. 出人预料的；令人不悦的
　　●thrust v. 硬塞给
　　
　　■wares n. 货物，商品
　　wares: 货郎随身携带的货物
　　 复合词、表示“器皿、器具”
　　silverware, ironware, glassware, software,hardware, chinaware
　　goods: 商店里出售的商品
　　commodity: （正式，总称）商品
　　commodity price / economy / market / exchange
　　
　　■anchor v. 停航下锚
　　■deck n. 甲板
　　■silverware n.银器
　　■tempt v. 吸引，引诱
　　vt. tempt sb. to do sth. 吸引某人做某事
　　temptation n. 引诱
　　the temptation to do sth.
　　tempting adj. 有吸引力的
　　
　　■bargain v. 讨价还价
　　vi. & n.
　　a good bargain 好交易
　　make a bargain 达成协议，做成交易
　　drive a hard bargain with sb 和某人费力的讨价还价
　　bargain with sb for sth 和某人就……讨价还价
　　bargain away : 讨价出售，论价出售
　　■disembark v. 下船上岸
　　=debark下船上岸
　　embark 上船
　　
　　■assail v. 纠缠
　　vt.
　　He was assailed with worries.
　　afflict:困扰
　　
　　■marble n. 小玻璃球
　　■inscribe v. 刻写，雕
　　■favour n. 好处，优惠
　　in favour of 赞成，支持，有利于
　　in one's favour 受某人欢迎，得到欢心
　　out of favour 不利，失宠
　　The situation both at home and aborad is in our favour.无论是国内外的形势均对我们有利。
　　by favour of: 烦请面交
　　do sb. a favour:给某人以恩惠
　　Eg.: Can you do me a favour to dance with me？ 能赏光跳支舞吗？
　　favourite: 受到优惠的，优待的
　　favourable:赞成的，称赞的
　　
　　■gesticulate v. （讲话时）打手势
　　■outrageous adj. 出人预料的；令人不悦的
　　He played outrageous joke.
　　outrage n. 暴行
　　rage 盛怒，发怒
　　fly into a rage 勃然大怒
　　
　　■thrust v. 硬塞给
　　thrust sth. into 塞进
　　thrust aside 推开
　　thrust oneself forward 向前挤
　　thrust oneself in 探听，干涉==thrust one’s nose into
　　Don’t thrust yourself in privacy.
　　thrust sth. upon sb. 强加于人
　　Don’t thrust your idea upon me.
　　thrust sb. out 解雇
　　
　　【Text】
　　§ Lesson 28 Five pounds too dear 五镑太贵
　　Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
　　Why was even five pounds ‘too dear’?
　　
　　Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbour. Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colourful rugs from Persia, silks from India, copper coffee pots, and beautiful handmade silverware. It was difficult not to be tempted. Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen, but I decided not to buy anything until I had disembarked.
　　I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring. I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds. Some of them were as big as marbles. The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were real. As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and made a deep impression in the glass. It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
　　The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches. I examined one of the pens closely. It certainly looked genuine. At the base of the gold cap, the words 'made in the U.S.A.' had been neatly inscribed. The man said that the pen was worth ￡50, but as a special favour, he would let me have it for ￡30. I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay ￡5. Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to ￡10. Shrug-
　　ging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen into my hands. Though he kept throwing up his arms in despair, he readily accepted the ￡5 I gave him. I felt espe-
　　cially pleased with my wonderful bargain----until I got back to the ship. No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to fill this beautiful pen with ink and to this day it has never written a single word!
　　
　　参考译文
　　当一艘大型班船进港的时候，许多小船载着各种杂货快速向客轮驶来。大船还未下锚。小船上的人就纷纷爬上客轮。一会儿工夫，甲板上就摆满了色彩斑斓的波斯地毯。印度丝绸。铜咖啡壶以及手工制作的漂亮的银器。要想不为这些东西所动心是很困难的。船上许多游客开始同商贩讨价还价起来，但我打定主意上岸之前什么也不买。
　　我刚下船，就被一个人截住，他向我兜售一枚钻石戒指。我根本不想买，但我不能掩饰这样一个事实：其钻石之大给我留下了深刻的印象。有的钻石像玻璃球那么大。那人竭力想证明那钻石是真货。我们路过一家商店时，他将一颗钻石使劲地往橱窗上一按，在玻璃上留下一道深痕。我花了半个多小时才摆脱了他的纠缠。
　　向我兜售的第二个人是卖名贵钢笔和手表的。我仔细察看了一枝钢笔，那看上去确实不假，金笔帽下方整齐地刻有“美国制造”字样。那人说那支笔值50英镑，作为特别优惠，他愿意让我出30英镑成交。我摇摇头，伸出5根手指表示我只愿出5镑钱。那人激动地打着手势，仿佛我的出价使他不能容忍。但他终于把价钱降到了10英镑。我耸耸肩膀掉头走开了。一会儿，他突然从后追了上来，把笔塞到我手里。虽然他绝望地举起双手，但他毫不迟疑地收下了我付给他的5镑钱。在回到船上之前，我一直为我的绝妙的讨价还价而洋洋得意。然而不管我如何摆弄，那枝漂亮的钢笔就是吸不进墨水来。直到今天，那枝笔连一个字也没写过！
　　
　　【课文讲解】
　　five pounds too dear
　　dear ==expensive, costly
　　
　　Small boats sped to the great liner----主干
　　loaded with----过去分词作定语，“装载，运载” （= filled with ）
　　
　　speed :迅速驶向
　　speed down hill 向山下疾驶
　　speed up 向山上疾驶
　　speed by 迅速驶过
　　Our holiday speed by.
　　
　　anchor:停航下锚
　　
　　the men from the boats 小船上的人们
　　be covered with 堆满了
　　
　　重点句型：It was difficult not to tempted.(双重否定)
　　It was difficult not to tempted by the beautiful shoes.
　　bargain with 与......讨价还价
　　
　　 on board----介词短语，修饰the tourists
　　
　　not ... until
　　Eg.: I decided not to do anything until I had got home.
　　 They didn’t reach the school until they had already pass to by two villages.
　　背熟：I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring.
　　had no sooner ... than句型 （ no sooner 位于句首，要倒装）
　　
　　表示“一…就…”的句型有：as soon as, the moment that, on doing, had no sooner than, had hardly when
　　
　　have no intention of doing sth 不打算做某事
　　Eg.: I have no intention of changing my mind.
　　He said that he had no intension of looking for another job.
　　
　　the fact that----同位语从句，不能更改为which
　　
　　I can not conceal the fact that... 我不能隐藏这一事实
　　
　　impress: 给......极深的印象
　　be most impressed by 某人被留下了极深的印象
　　What impressed me most was 给我印象最深的是
　　Eg.: What impressed me most was beauty here.
　　create / give a bad impression on sb. 给......以不良印象
　　Eg.:If the shop is untidy, it creates a bad impression on potential of customers.
　　 If you don’t work hard, it will create a bad impression on your boss
　　make a quite impression on sb. 给某人留下极深的印象
　　Eg.: Your speech made a quite impression on me.
　　impression n. 印痕
　　Eg.: He made a deep impression in glass.
　　
　　记住：but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.
　　
　　as...as 象......一样
　　
　　go to great(considerable, any) lengths 竭尽全力，不惜一切代价
　　Eg.: He went to great lenghts to pass the examination.
　　
　　real: 真的，不是捏造出来的，非人工制造的（= genuine）
　　true: 与事实或现实符合 ( ≠false )
　　genuine: 不是伪造的，非人工制造的（常用来修饰金银、字画、古董 ≠fake）
　　real reason, real fears, real / genuine money, real / genuine diamond
　　
　　past ==by 走过
　　
　　It take sb. sometime to do sth. 花费某人时间做某事
　　get rid of 摆脱，除去；治好=cure
　　
　　He can never get rid of his debts. （~ debt ==pay off:还清）
　　stain ==wash off洗净
　　The next man to approach me:第二个向我兜售的人，靠近我的人
　　at the base of 在……的底部
　　as a special favour 作为一种特殊的优惠
　　for 出价钱
　　
　　hold up five fingers indicating that...
　　indicating:分词作状语，“意思是说......”
　　Eg.: I held up ten fingers indicating that I was willing to pay .
　　
　　Gesticulating: 现在分词作伴随情况状语
　　
　　act as if (行为、举止)好像
　　as if ==as though
　　
　　outrageous: 感到出乎意料的，令人不能容忍的
　　eventually ==at last
　　
　　shrugging----现在分词作伴随状况状语
　　readily ==willingly 心甘情愿地
　　be pleased with= be satisfied with 对……感到满意
　　No matter how ==however
　　fill with
　　to this day==up till now, until now, so far 到目前为止
　　
　　课文虽然简单，但务必要牢记几种句子结构在心中。
　　【Multiple choice questions】 P136
　　Comprehension
　　1 At what point did the tradensmen start trying to sell their merchandise?
　　a. Once it had ben brought to them by the small boats.
　　b. While they were laying it out on the decks.
　　c. As soon as theliner had anchored in the harbour.
　　d. Once the tourists had arrived on board.
　　merchandise: 商品
　　lay out 摆设
　　
　　2 What happened once the writer got on shore?
　　a. A man who had followed him off the ship tried to sell him a diamond.
　　b. He was made to look at some diamonds against his will.
　　c. A man started pestering him to buy a diamond.
　　d. On his way to a shop, he met a man who was selling diamonds.
　　pester: 纠缠（=assail）
　　afflict: 折磨
　　
　　3 What made the writer finally buy the pen?
　　a. He had been unable to make the man understand he did not want it.
　　b. The man eventually agreed to his original offer.
　　c. He decided it was the only way to get rid of the man.
　　d. He was afraid the man might otherwise become violent.
　　
　　Structure
　　4 But I decided to disembark _____ anything. (ll.7-8)
　　a. before I would buy b. until I was buying c. until I had bought d. before buying
　　not ...until
　　before
　　
　　5 I was assailed by a man who wanted _____ a diamond ring.(l.9)
　　a. that I bought b. for me to buy c. me to buy d. my buying
　　
　　6 ---- of buying one, but the man _____ that I was impressed … (l.10)
　　a. must have noticed b. had to notice c. must notice d. could notice
　　
　　7 The man said that although the pen was worth ￡50, as a special favour, _____ for ￡30. (ll.16-17)
　　a. he would let it to me b. he could have let me have it
　　c. it would have been mine d. he might give me
　　a改为he would let me have it
　　
　　Vocabulary
　　8 It was difficult to _____ temptation. (ll.5-6)
　　a. avoid b. fight c. resist d. stand
　　resist temptation 抗拒
　　
　　9 _____ I was approached by a man who was selling… (l.14)
　　a. The later b. On the next time c. Afterwards d. After
　　after 多用于具体的时间名词之后 two days after
　　afterwards常常单独使用 soon afterwards shortly afterwards
　　the later 表示后者
　　
　　10 ---- and held up five fingers indicating I _____ to pay five pounds. (l.17)
　　a. wished b. was ready to c. intended d. expected
　　intend to do 有意图、有打算，但不表示心甘情愿
　　11 The man acted as if he found my offer _____ … (l.18)
　　a. irritating b. preposterous c. hilarious d. unspeakable
　　irritating: 令人烦恼的
　　preposterous: 荒谬的
　　hilarious:充满欢声笑语的
　　unspeakable ==terrible
　　
　　12 _____ hard I tried, it was impossible to fill the pen. (ll.21-22)
　　a. However b. Whatever c. Whichever d. So ever
　　原文：no matter how
　　
　　【Key to Multiple choice questions】
　　1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. B 11. B 12. A
　　

§ Lesson 27 Nothing to sell and nothing to buy 不卖也不买
　　【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
　　●philosopher n. 哲学家
　　●wisdom n. 智慧
　　●priest n. 牧师
　　●spiritual adj. 精神上的
　　●grudge v. 不愿给，舍不得给
　　●surgeon n. 外科大夫
　　●passer-by (复数passers-by ) n. 过路人
　　●dignity n. 尊严
　　●deliberately adv. 故意地
　　●consequence n. 后果，结果
　　●afflict v. 使苦恼，折磨
　　●ease n. 容易
　　●nature n. 大自然
　　●contempt n. 蔑视
　　●envious adj. 嫉妒的
　　
　　■philosopher n. 哲学家
　　■wisdom n. 智慧
　　cut sb's wisdom teeth 开始懂事了
　　
　　●priest n. 牧师
　　■spiritual adj. 精神上的
　　spiritual life
　　mental：智力的
　　physical:物质的，肉体的
　　spirited:生机勃勃的，精神饱满的，猛烈的
　　Eg.:She is a spirited girl.
　　This is a spirited discussion.
　　spirituous adj. 含酒精的
　　
　　■grudge v. 不愿给，舍不得给
　　■surgeon n. 外科大夫
　　■passer-by (复数passers-by ) n. 过路人
　　■dignity n. 尊严
　　with great dignity
　　stand / keep on one’s dignity
　　pocket one’s dignity 放下架子
　　lose one’s dignity 有失体面
　　dignify v.
　　dignified adj.
　　
　　■deliberately adv. 故意地
　　on purpose: 故意，强调目的性
　　deliberately (强调深思熟虑后)故意的
　　■consequence n. 后果，结果
　　
　　result: 按常规产生的结果
　　effect 效果
　　outcome（比赛）最后结局
　　in consequence 因此, in consequence of 由于什么的缘故
　　take the consequence of 承担……的后果
　　
　　■afflict v. 使苦恼，折磨
　　常用于被动语态
　　affliction n.
　　afflictive adj. 苦恼的，悲伤的
　　
　　■ease n. 容易
　　with ease 轻而易举
　　at ease, 舒服，宽松
　　He stayed home at ease.
　　ill at ease 不自在
　　put sb. at his ease 不拘束
　　take one's ease 安下心来
　　I took my ease to study English here.
　　
　　■nature n. 大自然
　　■contempt n. 蔑视
　　in contempt of 轻视
　　hold sb. in contempt = look down upon sb.
　　contemptable adj. 可轻视的，不耻的，卑鄙的
　　■■■contemptuous adj. 轻视的，傲慢的，轻蔑的
　　despite
　　
　　■envious adj. 嫉妒的
　　
　　【Text】
　　§ Lesson 27 Nothing to sell and nothing to buy 不卖也不买
　　Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
　　Listen the tape then answer the question below.
　　What is the most important thing for a tramp?
　　
　　It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.
　　Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by. But real tramps are not beggars. They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others. In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity. A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him. He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences. He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people. His few material possession make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease. By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do. He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
　　
　　参考译文
　　据说每个人都靠出售某种东西来维持生活。根据这种说法，教师靠卖知识为生，哲学家靠卖智慧为生，牧师靠卖精神安慰为生。虽然物质产品的价值可以用金钱来衡量，但要估算别人为我们为所提供的服务的价值却是极其困难的。有时，我们为了挽救生命，愿意付出我们所占有的一切。但就在外科大夫给我们提供了这种服务后，我们却可能为所支付的昂贵的费用而抱怨。社会上的情况就是如此，技术是必须付钱去买的，就像在商店里要花钱买商品一样。人人都有东西可以出售。
　　在这条普遍的规律前面，好像只有流浪汉是个例外，乞丐出售的几乎是他本人，以引起过路人的怜悯。但真正的流浪并不是乞丐。他们既不出售任何东西，也不需要从别人那儿得到任何东西，在追求独立自由的同时，他们并不牺牲为人的尊严。游浪汉可能会向你讨钱，但他从来不要你可怜他。他是故意在选择过那种生活的，并完全清楚以这种方式生活的后果。他可能从不知道下顿饭有无着落，但他不像有人那样被千万桩愁事所折磨。他几乎没有什么财产，这使他能够轻松自如地在各地奔波。由于被迫在露天睡觉，他比我们中许多人都离大自然近得多。为了生存，他可能会去打猎、乞讨，偶尔偷上一两回；确实需要的时候，他甚至可能干一点儿活，但他决不会牺牲自由。说起流浪汉，我们常常带有轻蔑并把他们与乞丐归为一类。但是，我们中有多少人能够坦率地说我们对流浪汉的简朴生活与无忧无虑的境况不感到有些羡慕呢？
　　
　　【课文讲解】
　　It has been said that = it is said that据说
　　
　　live by: to make enough money to feed oneself：依靠某种职业为生
　　live on 依靠某种食物维持生命，或靠某人生活
　　in the light of= according to, taking into account 根据，考虑到
　　in accordance with: 依据(法律) （更加正式）
　　
　　in terms of: 按照，就……而言，关于
　　in respect of
　　in / with regard to, as regards
　　
　　there are times when 有时
　　
　　grudge后面要和名词或动名词搭配
　　I grudge wasting time on this.
　　He grudge paying so much money for such bad food.
　　
　　require from
　　
　　In seeking independence
　　in + 动名词搭配，表示“在……的过程中”
　　In speeking to him, I found he is stammers.
　　Eg.: in seeking independence
　　on + 动名词搭配，表示“一……就……”, 必须注意主语的一致性。
　　Eg.: On seeing the plane coming towards me, I ……
　　In crossing the hall, I ...
　　On entering the hall, I...
　　fully: completely
　　
　　be free from 不受……的影响
　　He’s leading a life free from care and anxieties.
　　The old lady is never free from paining.这位老太太始终病痛缠身。
　　free from error
　　free from anxieties.
　　
　　make it possible for sb. to do sth.
　　
　　keep oneself alive 为了生存
　　
　　with 和名词搭配，表示“具有，带有”
　　Eg.: How many of us can honestly say that we would like to learn Englsh well?
　　【Multiple choice questions】
　　Comprehension
　　1 It is very difficult to estimate the true value of the services people perform for us vecause _____ .
　　a. people’s needs vary so much according to their circumstances.
　　b. we refuse to admit that surgeons perform a very necessary service
　　c. we seldom should give everything we possess for such services
　　d. such services are paid for in the same way as material goods
　　
　　2 in choosing to lead the life he leads, the tramp has decided _____ .
　　a. he will never need to ask people for anything
　　b. to sleep in the open in order to be closer to the world of nature
　　c. he would rather lead the life of a criminal than do any work
　　d. his freedom more than compensates for the inconveniences of such a life
　　流浪汉的自由足以弥补他生活中的不便。
　　
　　3 In moments of truth we feel envious of a tramp’s way of life because _____ .
　　a. we feel that our way of life is undignifiged compared to a tramp’s
　　b. his life is not burdened with the anxieties we are often troubled by
　　c. of the freedom he has from the struggle to keep alive
　　d. we realize that it is better than having to beg for a livelihood
　　in memones of truth = truly
　　背熟此结构
　　“ A tramp is free from the thousands of axieties which afflict other people.”
　　
　　Structure
　　4 Yet we might grudge _____ a surgeon for offering...(l.8)
　　a. a high fee we had paid b. the high fee we would pay
　　c. the high fee paying d. to pay a high fee
　　the high fee we would pay a surgeon for offering
　　
　　5 They _____ require anything from others.(ll.12-13)
　　a. do not have to sell anything or b. have nothing to sell nor do they
　　c. have to sell nothing nor they d. have not sold anything and do not
　　对于二者的否定
　　Neither...nor...
　　nothign... nor...
　　nor...位于句首，倒装
　　a. They do not hsve to sell anything: 他们不必出售什么
　　
　　6 With so few material possessions, he _____ to move from... (ll.16-=17)
　　a. may be able b. is able c. can d. is possible
　　
　　7 We often speak contemptuously _____ tramps and ... (ll.19-20)
　　a. for b. on c. to d. of
　　speak of: 谈及
　　speak for: 为…辩护
　　speak on: 就…发言
　　speak to: 与…谈话
　　
　　8 But _____ of us can honestly say... (l.20)
　　a. who b. which ones c. how many d. what one
　　
　　Vocabluary
　　9 A surgeon is a man who _____ .(l.8)
　　a. saves people’s lives b. gives people financial advice
　　c. performs operations d. insures people’s lives against sickness or death
　　
　　10 ---- make it possible for him to move _____ with ease. (ll.16-17)
　　a. here nad there b. one way or another c. from square to square d. in every sense
　　from place to place:四处，到处（= here and there）
　　one way or another:表示某种方法或途径
　　in every sense:名副其实，在各种意义上来说
　　He is a thief in every sense.他是一个不折不扣的骗子。
　　
　　11 He may hunt, beg or steal occasionally to _____ ... (l.18)
　　a. make a living b. survive c. be living d. be alive
　　to survive = keep himself alive
　　make a living 谋生
　　
　　12 We often _____ tramps and put them down as beggars. (ll.20-21)
　　a. convict b. blame c. look down on d. condemn
　　look down on = look down upon: 瞧不起
　　convict 宣判某人有罪(常与of 连用)
　　blame 责备（常与for连用）
　　condemn to vt. 判刑
　　
　　【Key to Multiple choice questions】
　　1. A 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. C
　　

§ Lesson 26 Wanted: a large biscuit tin 征购大饼干筒
　　【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
　　●influence v. 影响
　　●pride v. 骄傲
　　●taste n. 鉴赏力
　　●exert v. 施加
　　●subtle adj. 微妙的，难以捉摸的
　　●advertiser n. 做广告的人
　　●classify v. 分类
　　●magic adj. 有奇妙作用的
　　●sample n. 样品
　　●devise v. 设计，想出
　　●capture v. 吸引，赢得
　　●manufacturer n. 生产厂家，制造商
　　●wheelbarrow n. 独轮手推车
　　●boot n. （汽车尾部的）行李箱
　　●ingredient n. 配料
　　●crane n. 起重机
　　●anticipate v. 预期，预料
　　
　　■influence v. 影响
　　have effect on
　　Eg.: Literature and art have great influence of people’s idelogy.
　　Don’t be influenced by bad examples.
　　under the influence of受…影响
　　Eg.: We are under the influnce of advertisements.
　　have influence over sb 有左右某人的能力
　　Eg.: A teacher has influence over his students.
　　exercise influence on sb's behalf 为某人而尽力
　　on sb's behalf 为某人的利益
　　Eg.: The boss exercises influence on his employee’s behalf.
　　区别：influence / affect
　　influence:通过劝说，行为，榜样来改变一个人的行为或思想，是潜移默化的影响力
　　affect: 对......产生不良影响
　　Eg.: The bad examples will affect a lot number of students .
　　influential adj.有影响力的
　　
　　■pride v. 骄傲
　　pride vt. & n.
　　pride oneself on 为…感到骄傲、夸耀＝take pride in / be proud of
　　不能用于进行时态或被动语态
　　Eg.:He prided himself on his driving skill.
　　pride n.
　　in the pride of 处于最佳状态（顶峰）
　　Eg: She is still young and in the pride of her beauty.
　　put one’s pride in one’s pocket:控制自尊心
　　
　　■taste n. 鉴赏力
　　Eg.: She has excellent taste in dress.
　　have excellent taste in sth 在…上有极高的品位
　　a taste of 尝一口，尝一点
　　Eg: Oh,let me have a taste of your coffee.
　　in good taste: 文雅，得体
　　Eg: The beautiful girl is in good taste.
　　in bad taste: 庸俗，不得体
　　taste: 有什么的味道
　　to one's taste: 合某人的口味，称某人的心愿
　　Eg: He did what he wanted to do to his taste.
　　There is accounting for taste. 人各有所好。
　　He who has never tasted bitter knows not what is sweet.不知黄连苦怎知蜂蜜甜呢。
　　tastabel 可品尝的
　　tasteful 有鉴赏力的
　　tasteless 没有味道的，乏味的
　　taste blindness 味盲
　　taste maker 时尚的首创者
　　Eg.: Are you taste maker?
　　
　　■exert v. 施加
　　exert sth on sb 对某人施加…（压力）
　　Eg.: His wife exerted a lot of pressure on him to change his job.
　　He likes to exert his authority on us.
　　exert oneself 努力，尽力
　　Eg.: He never exerted himself to study hard.
　　exert every effort 尽一切努力
　　exertion n.
　　
　　■subtle adj. 微妙的，难以捉摸的
　　Eg.: Advertisements exert subtle influence on us.
　　subtle 敏感的，敏锐的
　　Eg.: He is a subtle observer.
　　subtly adv.微妙地，敏锐地
　　subtleness == subtlety
　　
　　■advertiser n. 做广告的人
　　advertise: 做广告
　　advertisement 广告
　　
　　■classify v. 分类
　　Eg.: The books have been classified according to subjects.
　　classification n.
　　classified adj. 分类的，机密的
　　classifiable adj. 可分类的
　　classifier n. 分类者
　　
　　■magic adj. 有奇妙作用的
　　■sample n. 样品
　　■devise v. 设计，想出
　　■capture v. 吸引，赢得
　　Eg.: His wonderful performance captured my attention.
　　capture 捕获，俘获
　　Eg.: The police captured the two thieves.
　　■manufacturer n. 生产厂家，制造商
　　■wheelbarrow n. 独轮手推车
　　■boot n. （汽车尾部的）行李箱
　　■ingredient n. 配料
　　■crane n. 起重机
　　■anticipate v. 预期，预料
　　anticipate / except
　　anticipate : 预料到
　　Eg.: Our attack failed because the enemy anticipated.
　　anticipate:期待，指望，预料
　　Eg.:We anticipated the enemy would try to cross the river, so we decided to destory the bridge.
　　except: 期待，希望某事发生（不能表示“预料到”这一含义）；期待，指望，anticipate ==except
　　Eg.: I am not expecting any trouble.
　　We are anticipating ( excepting ) a large crowd of people at tonight’s meeting.
　　He is the man who is always anticipating trouble.
　　anticipate:注重强调的内容以高兴和恐惧的心情，期待所想之事或预料之事的发生
　　Eg.: The students are anticipating a wonderful vocation.
　　
　　【Text】
　　§ Lesson 26 Wanted: a large biscuit tin 征购大饼干筒
　　Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
　　Who won the prize for the biggest biscuit?
　　
　　No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.
　　Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing. An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely go wrong. These days, advertisers not only offer free samples but free cars, free houses, and free trips round the world as well. They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money. Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.
　　During a radio programme, a company of biscuit manufacturers once asked listeners to bake biscuits and send them to their factory. They offered to pay a pound for the biggest biscuit baked by a listener. The response to this competition was tremendous. Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory. One lady brought in a biscuit on a wheelbarrow. It weighed nearly 500 pounds. A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car. All the biscuits that were sent were carefully weighed. The largest was 713 pounds. It seemed certain that this would win the prize. But just before the competition closed, a lorry arrived at the factory with a truly colossal biscuit which weighed 2,400 pounds. It had been baked by a college student who had used over 1,000 pounds of flour, 800 pounds of sugar, 200 pounds of fat, and 400 pounds of various other ingredients. It was so heavy that a crane had to be used to remove it from the lorry. The manufacturers had to pay more money than they had anticipated, for they bought the biscuit from the student for ,000.
　　
　　参考译文
　　没有人能避免受广告的影响。尽管我们可以自夸自己的鉴赏力如何敏锐，但我们已经无法独立自主地选购自己所需的东西了。这是因为广告在我们身上施加着一种潜移默化的影响。做广告的人在力图劝说我们买下这种产品或那种产品之前，已经仔细地研究了人的本性，并把人的弱点进行了分类。
　　做广告的人们多年前就发现我们大家都喜欢免费得到东西。凡是用“免费”这个神奇的词开头的广告很少会失败的。目前，做广告的人不仅提供免费样品，而且还提供免费汽车，免费住房，免费周游世界。他们设计数以百计的竞赛，竞赛中有人可赢得巨额奖金。电台、电视使做广告的人可以用这种手段吸引成百万人的注意力。
　　有一次，在电台播放的节目里，一个生产饼干的公司请听众烘制饼干送到他们的工厂去。他们愿意以每磅10美元的价钱买下由听众烘制的最大的饼干。这次竞赛在听众中引起极其热烈的反响。不久，形状各异，大小不一的饼干陆续送到工厂。一位女士用手推车运来一个饼干，重达500磅左右。相隔不一会儿，一个男子也带来一个大饼干，那个饼干把汽车的行李箱挤得满满的。凡送来的饼干都仔细地称量。最重的一个达713磅，看来这个饼干获奖无疑了。但就在竞赛截止时间将到之际，一辆卡车驶进了工厂，运来了一个特大无比、重达2,400磅的饼干。它是由一个大学生烘制的，用去1,000多磅的面粉、800磅食糖、200磅动物脂肪及400磅其他各种原料。饼干份量太重了，用了一台起重机才把它从卡车上卸下。饼干公司不得不付出比他们预计多得多的钱，因为为买下那学生烘制的饼干他们支付了24,000美元。
　　
　　【课文讲解】
　　
　　Advertisements always exert influence on everybody.
　　No one ,avoid, 双重否定
　　No students can avoid being influenced by their teachers.
　　
　　本课重点句型：Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.
　　让步状语从句，though, although
　　as引导让步状语从句，句子要采用倒装形式（ adj. / adv. / n. / v.用在as之前）
　　1．adj. + as + 主语+ 谓语
　　Rich as he is, he is not happy.
　　Tired as I was, I try to help them.
　　2．adv. (much ) + as + 从句
　　Much as I like you, I will not marry you.
　　Much as I hate do it, I must stay home and study English.虽然我不愿意这么做，但我今晚必须呆在家里学习英语。
　　3．v. + as + 主语 + 助动词
　　Try as they may, they will never succeed.即使他们很努力，但他们不会成功。
　　Object as my parents may, I decide to do it.不管我父母怎样反对，我都决定要这样做。
　　
　　采用不同的句子结构形式，不同的词汇表达同一个语义。
　　
　　effort
　　1. n. (U) 努力，竭尽全力 （需要花费脑力和体力的事情）
　　Eg.: It took a lot of effort to lift the box.
　　A great deal of effort has gone into this exhibition.
　　2. n. (C) 努力，竭尽全力 make every effort
　　Eg.: We are making every effort to study English.
　　in one’s effort to do:为了干好某事，在干好某事的努力过程当中
　　Eg.: The company is selling off some of its buildings in their efforts to save money.
　　In their efforts to learn English well, they spend a lot of time.
　　
　　make a close (careful ) study:对什么做了仔细的研究
　　Advertisers make every effort in order to sell their products.
　　
　　The first paragraph is really wonderful, you’d better keeping your mind
　　第一自然段要牢记熟背在心中。
　　
　　Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing.
　　
　　get something for nothing ( free ): 免费得到……
　　
　　The big bell rare goer wrong.
　　
　　these days: 目前
　　
　　not only…but…as well……不仅……而且……
　　
　　devise: 设计
　　Eg.: They have devised the best way to have the party.
　　
　　enable sb. to do: 使某人能够做某事
　　Eg.: Hard work will enable you to pass the examinaiton, otherwise, no way.
　　
　　Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.
　　make it possible for sb to do sth 使……可能
　　Eg.: His fwe material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease.
　　 The money he won made it possible for him to make a tour around the world.
　　
　　capture(catch, receive, arrest, draw) the attention of sb 吸引某人注意力
　　
　　熟记：The response to this competition was tremendous.
　　responce = reaction: 反映
　　before long = soon, shortly
　　biscuits of all shapes (sizes ), shoes of all sizes
　　occupy = take up, 占据
　　
　　It seemed certain that...
　　注意：用it 做形式主语表示肯定时，要用certain,而不能用sure.
　　We are sure / certain...
　　It is certain...
　　closed = ended
　　remove = load
　　
　　【Multiple choice questions】
　　Comprehension
　　1 What among other things enables advertisers to sell a product more easily?
　　a. Knowing that we will buy anything provided it tastes good.
　　b. Giving every customer something free with each product he buys.
　　c. Having so many free things all over the world to tempt people with.
　　d. Having radio and television at their disposal to promote their products.
　　
　　2 The people who entered the competition did so because _____ .
　　a. they wanted to get something for nothing
　　b. they hoped by winning easily to cover the cost of the baking ingredients
　　c. they hoped to receive the prize money of ,000
　　d. the manufacturers had offered free biscuits to anyone who entered
　　
　　3 What had the manufacturers failed to anticipate?
　　a. The number of people who would take an interest in the competition.
　　b. The number of ingredients required to bake a large biscuit with.
　　c. That it was possible to bake a biscuit as large as the student’s.
　　d. That there was time to bake a huge biscuit before the competition closed.
　　
　　Structure
　　4 _____ of our good taste, we are no longer ...(ll.1-2)
　　a. So proud may we be b. Although we may pride ourselves a great deal
　　c. Proud as we may be d. Pride ourselves as we may
　　
　　5 ----discovered years ago that all of us _____ something for nothing. (ll.7-8)
　　a. are loving to get b. love getting c. love to be getting d. love when we get
　　love不用进行时态
　　
　　6 An advertisement can rarely go wrong _____ with the magic word FREE. (l.8)
　　a. which begins b. to begin c. if it will begin d. what begins
　　当修饰主语的定语从句过长而谓语过短时，一般将定语从句后置。
　　
　　7 It was nearly 500 pounds _____ . (l.15)
　　a. weighed b. weighing c. in weight d. of weight
　　in length, in height, in width, in depth, in weight
　　
　　8 It was so heavy that a crane _____ from the lorry. (ll.20-21)
　　a. did they need remove it b. they needed to remove it
　　c. was needed to have removed it d. was needed to have it removed
　　
　　Vocabulary
　　9 ----in their efforts to persuade us to buy _____ .(l.4)
　　a. one or other product b. that or this product c. some product or other d. a product or two
　　some... or other == this... or that
　　
　　10 The _____ to this competition was tremendous. (ll.13-14)
　　a. answer b. reply c. attraction d. reaction
　　response 表示反映，反响的时候，与reaction的意义最近，通常可以换用。
　　
　　11 ----with a biscuit which _____ the boot of his car. (l.16)
　　a. took complete possession of b. took up all the space in
　　c. completely covered d. on the whole filled
　　occupy的同义词take up
　　
　　12 The manufacturers had to pay more money than they _____ ... (ll.21-22)
　　a. expected b. hoped c. intended d. wished
　　anticipate的同义词expect
　　
　　【Key to Multiple choice questions】
　　1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. A
　　

§ Lesson 25 The Cutty Sark “卡蒂萨克”号帆船
　　【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
　　●impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的
　　●steamship n. 蒸汽轮船
　　●vessel n. 轮船，大木船
　　●era n. 时期，时代
　　●Java n. 爪哇（印度尼西亚一岛）
　　●rudder n. 舵
　　●roll v. 颠簸，摇摆
　　●steer v. 掌握方向
　　●temporary adj. 临时的
　　●plank n. 大块木板
　　●fit v. 安装
　　●Equator n. 赤道
　　●delay n. 耽误
　　
　　■impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的
　　This is a impressive thing.
　　impression n. 印象
　　make a lasting impression on sb: 给某人以不可磨灭的印象
　　have a false impression of sb: 对某人有错误的看法
　　give sb impression that: 给某人印象
　　impress vt.
　　impress sb. 给某人留下印象
　　impress sb with sth 用…给某人留下印象
　　■steamship n. 蒸汽轮船
　　■vessel n. 轮船，大木船
　　vessel（正式的词汇）可代替ship,boat. 用于文学体
　　a sailing vessel, a fishing vessel
　　boat 比ship小，可以替换ship(非正式文体)
　　a fishing boat
　　
　　■era n. 时期，时代
　　era: “纪元”， 地球、人类社会历史上的一个很长的时期，以特别事物或发展为标志
　　the beginning of new era
　　the end of old era
　　
　　times:历史上的一个阶段”时代，时期”
　　in ancient times
　　in classic times
　　Roman times
　　age: 特定的历史阶段（大写，构成专有名词）
　　a stone age 石器时代
　　the space age 太空时代
　　This is a beganning of era
　　
　　■Java n. 爪哇（印度尼西亚一岛）
　　■rudder n. 舵
　　■roll v. 颠簸，摇摆
　　■steer v. 掌握方向
　　steer: 驾驶水路交通工具，强调掌握方向，导航
　　drive: 开汽车，火车
　　pilot: 操纵轮船，飞机
　　He steers the boat suddenly.
　　He piloted his plane.
　　
　　■temporary adj. 临时的
　　temporary jobs / house
　　temporarily adv.
　　temporariness n.
　　==transient:短暂的，瞬间的
　　反义：permanent: 永久的
　　contemporary: 当代 的
　　
　　■plank n. 大块木板
　　■fit v. 安装
　　■Equator n. 赤道
　　■delay n. 耽误
　　【Text】
　　
　　§ Lesson 25 The Cutty Sark “卡蒂萨克”号帆船
　　Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
　　 What piece of bad luck prevented the Cutty Sark from winning the race?
　　
　　One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at Greenwich. She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past. Before they were replaced by steamships, sailing vessels like the Cutty Sark were used to carry tea from China and wool from Australia. The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built. The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae. Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England. This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last of its kind. It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.
　　The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae, but on the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took the lead. It seemed certain that she would be the first ship home, but during the race she had a lot of bad luck. In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away. The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her. A temporary rudder was made on board from spare planks and it was fitted with great difficulty. This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was danger that if she travelled too quickly, this rudder would be torn away as well. Because of this, the Cutty Sark lost her lead. After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead. Though the new rudder was fitted at tremendous speed, it was impossible for the Cutty Sark to win. She arrived in England a week after the Thermopylae. Even this was remarkable, considering that she had had so many delays. There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.
　　
　　参考译文
　　人们在格林威治仍可看到19世纪最有名的帆船之一“卡蒂萨克”号。它停在陆地上，每年接待成千上万的参观者。它给人们留下深刻的印象，使人们回忆起历史上的巨型帆船，在蒸汽船取代帆船之前。“卡蒂萨克”号之类的帆船被用来从中国运回茶叶，从澳大利亚运回羊毛。“卡蒂萨克”号是帆船制造史上建造的最快的一艘帆船。唯一可以与之一比高低的是“塞姆皮雷”号帆船。两船于1872年6月18日同时从上海启航驶往英国，途中展开了一场激烈的比赛。这场比赛持续了整整4个月，是这类比赛中的最后一次，它标志着帆船伟大传统的结束与一个新纪元的开始。
　　比赛开始后，“赛姆皮雷”号率先抵达爪哇岛。但在印度洋上，“卡萨萨克”号驶到了前面。看来，它首先返抵英国是确信无疑的了，但它却在比赛中连遭厄运。8月份“卡蒂萨克”号遭到一场特大风暴的袭击，失去了一只舵。船身左右摇晃，无法操纵。船员用备用的木板在船上赶制了一只应急用的舵，并克服重重困难将舵安装就位，这样一来，大大降低了船的航速。因为船不能开得太快，否则就有危险，应急舵也会被刮走。因为这个缘故，“卡蒂萨克”号落到了后面。跨越赤道后，船长将船停靠在一个港口，在那儿换了一只舵。但此时，“赛姆皮雷”号早已在500多英里之遥了。尽管换装新舵时分秒必争，但“卡蒂萨克”号已经不可能取胜了，它抵达英国时比“塞姆皮雷”号晚了1个星期。但考虑到路上的多次耽搁，这个成绩也已很不容易了。毫无疑问，如果中途没有失去舵， “卡帝萨克”号肯定能在比赛中轻易夺冠。
　　
　　【课文讲解】
　　one of the most famous ...最著名的......之一
　　背熟：She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year.
　　dry land:陆地
　　背熟：She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past.
　　serve as=act as )“起…作用”
　　impressive reminder :深刻的印象，作为......的回忆
　　
　　replace vt. ==take place of
　　stemship:汽船
　　sailing ship /sailing vessel: 帆船
　　
　　match = be equal to )与......相匹敌，相比
　　match in / for
　　
　　The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae.
　　动词不定式to作定语，修饰the only other ship
　　
　　背诵：Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England.
　　
　　背诵：This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last of its kind. It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.
　　which----指代this race, 引导非限定性定语从句
　　
　　帆船：ships with sail, sailing ships, sailing vessels
　　
　　marked the end of : 标志…的结束
　　
　　The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae,...
　　可改为：after the race had begun the first of the two ships to reach Java was the Thermopylae,...
　　
　　take the lead: 处于领先地位== go into the lead
　　lose the lead: 失去领先地位
　　in the lead: 处于领先地位（状态）
　　take over the lead: 取得领先地位
　　
　　she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away.
　　...was struck by a very heavy storm... 严重地遇到了雨／雪
　　be caught in the rian/snow 遇到了雨／雪
　　during 介词，用于关系代词which 之前，during the race, during the storm
　　torn away = destroyed , pull down
　　
　　it became impossible to steer her (省略掉for captain)
　　
　　there was a danger that+同位语从句 ……会有危险
　　
　　the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted,
　　call in at: （船）停靠，（人）拜访
　　to = in order to, so as to “目的是”
　　have sth. done:
　　
　　but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
　　by now = so far
　　
　　at tremendous speed:以极快的速度
　　
　　considering 连接词，用来引导完整的语句
　　considering that考虑到………
　　So we should forgive him considering that he is ill badly.
　　
　　There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.
　　There is no doubt that...==without any doubt “毫无疑问“
　　There is some doubt + wh- ...
　　Eg.: There is no doubt that he is guilty.
　　There is some doubt whether he is guilty.
　　if ----与过去事实相反的虚拟
　　（二册L71 P320）：If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected.
　　If you talked less and ate more, we would both enjoy our dinner. (二册：L40 P182)
　　
　　recite paragraph 2 :
　　she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away.
　　There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.
　　
　　take the lead
　　lose the lead
　　call in at
　　with great difficulty
　　at tremendous speed
　　It seemed certain that
　　【Multiple choice questions】
　　Comprehension
　　1 The fame of the Cutty Sark rests mainly upon _____ .
　　a. the number of tourists who come to visit her annually
　　b. her likeness to other great sailing ships of the past
　　c. her being one of the last and one of the fastest of a line of great sailing ships
　　d. her victory in the race against the Thermopylae
　　fame:名声，名誉
　　rest upon= rest on
　　
　　2 The race which took place between the Cutty Sark and the Thermopylae was _____ .
　　a. a landmark in the history of shipping
　　b. held to celebrate the invention of the steamship
　　c. held especially for sailing ships on the route from Shanghai to London
　　d. unusually slow because the Cutty Sark lost her ruddeer en route
　　landmark: 标志
　　
　　3 During the race, the most remarkable feat of the Cutty Sark was _____ .
　　a. although last to reach Java, to take the lead on the Indian Ocean
　　b. the fact that she managed to sail into port without a rudder
　　c. the speed at which she was sailing while having a new rudder fitted
　　d. the speed at which she made up the gap between her and the Thermopylae
　　feat:功绩
　　
　　Structure
　　4 The Cutty Sark _____ at Greenwich. (ll.1-2)
　　a. is still possible to see b. is able still to be seen
　　c. may still be seen d. is still possibly seen
　　
　　5 Before _____ , vessels like the Cutty Sark were used ... (ll.4-5)
　　a. steamships replaced sail b. the steamship replaced the sailing ship
　　c. steamships replaced sailing d. the steam replaced the sail
　　a 选项steamships:汽船，sailing ships
　　sail: 航海，航行，风帆
　　冠词the和名词单数形式搭配表示一类东西
　　
　　6 It seemed certain that she _____ the first ship home. (l.12)
　　a. would go to be b. would be going to be c. went d. was going to be
　　would和be going to 重复搭配
　　
　　7 The Thermopylae arrived in England only a weak before _____ > (ll.19-20)
　　a. she did b. she was c. herself d. she had arrived
　　before引导时间状语从句
　　
　　8 _____ her rudder, there is no doubt she would have won... (l.21)
　　a. That if she had not lost b. Not having lost
　　c. Were she not to lose d. had she not lost
　　if引导的虚拟条件句
　　
　　Vocabulary
　　9 ----on dry land and _____ thousands of visitors each year. (ll.2-3)
　　a. appeals to b. attracts c. catches d. pulls
　　attract 吸引，The beautiful scenery attracts me.
　　appeal to 引起...兴趣， The topic of the conversatiuon never appeals to me.
　　
　　10 On June 18th, 1872 both these ships _____ an exciting race from Shanghai to England. (l.8)
　　a. set out on b. departed for c. entered d. went for
　　set out :出发
　　set out on: 出发进行比赛
　　Eg: set out on the trip/journey/excursion
　　depart for 去往某处
　　
　　11 On the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark went _____ the lead. (ll.11-12)
　　a. into b. on c. for d. after
　　原文：take the lead
　　go into the lead ==take the lead
　　
　　12 Even this was remarkable, _____ the numerous delays. (ll.20-21)
　　a. in respect of b. according to c. in view of d. accounting
　　considering:考虑到
　　in respect of==with regard to 关于，至于
　　accouding to:依据
　　in view of 以…观点考虑到＝considering
　　account for
　　
　　【Key to Multiple choice questions】
　　1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. C
　　
　　
　　

§ Lesson 24 A skeleton in the cupboard “家丑”
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
●skeleton n. 骷髅
●seemingly adv. 表面上地
●respectable adj. 体面的，雅观的
●conceal v. 隐藏，隐瞒
●vivid adj. 生动的
●dramatic adj. 令人激动的，扣人心弦的
●ruin v. 毁坏
●heroine n. 女主人公
●fiction n. 小说
●varying adj. 不同的
●medicine n. 医学
●guestroom n. （家庭中的）来客住房
●unpack vt. （从箱中）取出
●stack adj. （整齐地）堆放，排放
●underclothes n. 内衣
●drawer n. 抽屉
●petrify v. 使惊呆
●dangle v. 悬挂
●sway v. 摇摆
●unsympathetic adj. 不表同情的，无动于衷的
●medical adj. 医学的

■skeleton n. 骷髅
a skeleton in the cupboard==a skeleton in the closet == a family skeleton 家丑
It’s time to bring a family skeleton out of the cupboard
skeleton key 万能钥匙
a walking skeleton 骨瘦如柴的人
reduced to too a skeleton 瘦的皮包骨
He has nothing to eat for a couple of days so he has been reduced to too a skeleton.

■seemingly adv. 表面上地
■respectable adj. 体面的，雅观的
respectable decent, graceful, deserving respect: 体面的，雅观的，可敬的
Eg.: He is a most respectable man.
The tie is for a respectale man only.
respectable: 可敬的
respectful : 充满敬意的，尊敬人的
A respectable person is respectful to others.
respective 各自的
Eg.:Our students return to their respective classroom.
■conceal v. 隐藏，隐瞒
conceal : hide, 比hide更加正式，语气强烈
conceal sth. from sb.
Eg.: He concealed his disappoint from his friends.
He concealed his bets from his wife.
When the mother coming, the little girl hid behind the curtain.
hide, hid, hidden

■vivid adj. 生动的
vivid 生动的，栩栩如生的,鲜艳的，活泼的
Eg.: There is a vivid proverb.
vivid blue 碧蓝色
he is vivid with life. 他是生气勃勃。
Yours discription is really vivid.
more vivid, the most vivid

■dramatic adj. 令人激动的，扣人心弦的
dramatic 比exciting更加强烈
The dramatic things is still vivid in his mind.
■ruin v. 毁坏
■heroine n. 女主人公
■fiction n. 小说
fiction 和novel
fiction (集合名词)不可数 (poetry )
novel 某一部具体的小说 (poem)
I prefer reading fiction to hearing about real invent.

■varying adj. 不同的
=various
different 与......不一样
My idea differents from yours.

■medicine n. 医学
■guestroom n. （家庭中的）来客住房
■unpack vt. （从箱中）取出
■stack adj. （整齐地）堆放，排放
stack up the books
The housewife is stacking up the clothing.

■underclothes n. 内衣
underclothing, underwear

■drawer n. 抽屉
■petrify v. 使惊呆
= shock, dumbfound
Heard the news I was petrified.

■dangle v. 悬挂
■sway v. 摇摆
■unsympathetic adj. 不表同情的，无动于衷的
sympathetic 同情的
sympathy n. in sympathy 同情地 （= sympathetically ）

■medical adj. 医学的
【Text】
§ Lesson 24 A skeleton in the cupboard “家丑”
 Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
 Who was Sebastian?

We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secret which has been concealed from strangers for years. The English language possesses a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation. The terrible secret is called 'a skeleton in the cupboard '. At some dramatic moment in the story the terrible secret becomes known and a reputation is ruined. The reader's hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine, a dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.
It is all very well for such things to occur in fiction. To varying degrees, we all have secrets which we do not want even our closest friends to learn, but few of us have skeletons in the cupboard. The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton, and he is very proud of the fact. George studied medicine in his youth. Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories. I once spent an uncomfortable weekend which I shall never forget at his house. George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used. He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner. After I had stacked my shirts and underclothes in two empty drawers, I decided to hang one of the two suits I had brought with me in the cupboard. I opened the cupboard door and then stood in front of it petrified. A skeleton was dangling before my eyes. The sudden movement of the door made it sway slightly and it gave me the impression that it was about to leap out at me. Dropping my suit, I dashed downstairs to tell George. This was worse than 'a terrible secret'; this was a real skeleton ! But George was unsympathetic. 'Oh, that,' he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend. 'That's Sebastian. You forget that I was a medical student once upon a time.'

参考译文
在小说中，我们经常读到一个表面上受人尊重的人物或家庭，却有着某种多年不为人所知的骇人听闻的秘密。英语中有一个生动的说法来形容这种情况。惊人的秘密称作“柜中骷髅”。在小说的某个戏剧性时刻，可怕的秘密泄漏出来，接着便是某人的声誉扫地。当读者到小说最后几页了解到书中女主人公，那位一向待大家很好的可爱的老妇人年轻时一连毒死了她的5个丈夫时，不禁会毛骨悚然。
这种事发生在小说中是无可非议的。尽管我们人人都有各种大小秘密。连最亲密的朋友都不愿让他们知道， 但我们当中极少有人有柜中骷髅。我所认识的唯一的在柜中藏骷嵝的人便是乔治.卡尔顿，他甚至引以为自豪。乔治年轻时学过医，然而，他后来没当上医生，却成了一位成功的侦探小说作家。有一次，我在他家里度周末，过得很不愉快。这事我永远不会忘记。乔治把我领进客房，说这间很少使用。他让我打开行装后下楼吃饭。我将衬衫、内衣放进两个空抽屉里，然后我想把随身带来的两套西服中的一套挂到大衣柜里去。我打开柜门，站在柜门前一下惊呆了。一具骷髅悬挂在眼前，由于柜门突然打开，它也随之轻微摇晃起来，让我觉得它好像马上要跳出柜门朝我扑过来似的。我扔下西服冲下楼去告诉乔治。这是比“骇人听闻的秘密”更加惊人的东西，这是一具真正的骷髅啊！但乔治却无动于衷。“噢，是它呀！他笑着说道，俨然在谈论一位老朋友。“那是塞巴斯蒂安。你忘了我以前是学医的了。”

【课文讲解】

how引导宾语从句
has some terrible secret
which 引导的定语从句，修饰说明secret
seemingly: 9=from appearence )从表面上看来，
a seemingly respectable person:表面上受尊重的人

possess= have got, own )
不定式to作定语，修饰说明vivid saying, 来描述这种场景。

some—表示“某一个”，修饰单数可数名词

ruin 泛指概念，表示毁坏的过程不是一下完成的 （spoil ）
The rain ruined / spoiled our holiday.
destroy: 把凭借某种外力来破坏和摧毁事物，完全摧毁
The earthquake destroyed almost entired city.
damage: 侧重强调把…弄坏，但是可以修复
one's hair stands on end :某人感到毛骨悚然的
I thought I was alone in my room until I heard the mysterious noice again, and my hair stands on end.

make/set one's hair stand on end: 使某人感到毛骨悚然的

in her youth:在她年轻时

everyone
every one of与介词of 连用时要分开

it is all very well but 不赞成不满意的反语，“好倒是好，但是……”
Eg: It is all very well for them to ask me to do it, but I am too busy.
 It is all very well for you to suggent taking a few days rest, but how can finish our work in time.

occur: 某个事件出乎意料的发生（正式）
happen: 某个事件出乎意料发生
take place: 事件根据安排“举行”
Eg.: When did the accident happen / occur?
It occured to me that / to do.
It occured to me to open the window.
When will the wedding take place?

To varying degrees: 从不同角度来讲
which引导定语从句修饰secret

learn: 了解某个事实，学习某种知识、技能
know 知道某个事实，具有某方面的知识、技能，认识、了解某个人（状态动词，不能用于进行时态）
I learned that I had passed the test.
She knows about computers.
She is learning about computers.
instead of + doing----表示相反、没有、取而代之的是......

stood in front of sth. petrified: 站在…前，目瞪口呆
frightened: 在某个特定的场合下，受到惊吓
terrified:表示惊吓的程度，更加强烈，感到恐怖
afraid (of ): 表示一种状态，永久性的恐惧

it gave me the impression that:给某人以印象
make a lasting impression on sb: 给某人以不可磨灭的印象
have a false impression of sb: 对某人有错误的看法
give sb impression that: 给某人印象
impress sb with sth 用…给某人留下印象

be about to do sth.: 即将，就要。暗示动作即将发生（多与when连用）
I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.

leap out at sb. 跳出来扑向某人

drop----是我所发出的主动动作，所以用-ing形式

as if 引导虚拟语气
【Multiple choice questions】
Comprehension
1 In what respect does fact differ from fiction concerning the secrets that people keep to themselves?
a. They are rarely so terrible as to ruin out reputations if revealed.
b. People’s closest friends do not even suspect them of having them.
c. People who have ‘skeletons in the cupboard’ are rarely found out.
d. People who have skeletons in their cupboards are very proud of the fact.
in what respect : 在什么方面

2 Before opening the cupboard door, the writer had _____ .
a. unpacked and gone down for dinner b. changed into some new clothes
c. put his shirts and his underwear in a couple of drawers
d. hung one of the two suits he had brought with him

3 What was the most frightening thing about the writer’s experience?
a. The sight of a skeleton hanging in the cupboard.
b. The sudden movement of the door when he opened the cupboard.
c. To discover that it was the skeleton of an okd friend of George’s.
d. To have found a real skeleton rather than finding out a terrible secret.

Structure
4 We often read in novels of a seemingly respectable person or family _____ some terrible secret ...(ll.1-2)
a. having b. has c. whom has d. that they have
如果运用定语从句，that they have, they是多余的
现在分词做定语
c选项关系词运用不正确

5 The only person I have ever known _____ a skeleton in the cupboard... (ll.11-12)
a. he had b. of having c. that he has d. to have
运用不定式，修饰名词，----定语从句
the first person, the only person, the last person...
I 前省略了关系词that

6 ----George Carlton, and it is _____ he is very proud of. (l.12)
a. the fact b. something c. that which d. what
something:有意义，有价值的事
It’s something to have a job in televier.
what = all全部

7 No sooner had I opened the cupboard door _____ I stood ...(ll.17-18)
a. and b. then c. than d. that

8 ‘_____ that I was a medical student once upon a time?’ (l.22)
a. Why don’t you remember b. Have you forgotten c. Do you forget d. have you not remembered
现在完成时

Vocabulary
9 The English language _____ a vivid saying to ... (ll.3-4)
a. owes b. contains c. holds d. has
has == own
owe 欠钱
I owed him two dollars yesterday.

10 ----the guestroom, which, he said, was _____ used. (l.15)
a. little b. a little c. uncommonly d. preciously
little:否定色彩的副词
a little: 肯定语义
uncommonly:不正常地，不普通地
preciously:珍贵地

11 He told me to unpack my _____ and then ...(ll.15-16)
a. items b. objects c. trunks d. belongings
belongings ==possessions
trunk:皮箱，汽车尾箱
object:巨大的物体
item:物品

12 ----gave me the impression that it _____ leaping out at me. (l.19)
a. was on the point of b. was concerned with c. was thinking of d. was almost
“...it was about to leap out at me...” “即将，即刻做某事”
Eg.: The plane is about to set off.
The plane is on the point of setting out.
be concerned with:关心
think of:考虑，想到

【Key to Multiple choice questions】
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. A 11. D 12. A

§ Lesson 23 One man’s meat is another man’s poison 各有所爱
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
●poison n. 毒药
●illogical adj. 不合逻辑的，无章法的
●octopus n. 章鱼
●delicacy n. 美味，佳肴
●repulsive adj. 令人反感的，令人生厌的
●stomach n. 胃
●turn v. 感到恶心，翻胃
●fry v. 油炸
●fat n. （动物、植物）油
●abuse n. 辱骂，责骂
●snail n. 蜗牛
●luxury n. 奢侈品，珍品
●associate v. 联想到
●despise v. 鄙视
●appeal v. 引起兴致
●shower n. 阵雨
●stroll n. 溜达，散步
●impulse n. 冲动
●dozen n. 12个，一打
●fancy v.喜爱，喜欢

■poison n. 毒药
poison n.& vt.
He was poisoned by pesticide.

give poison to sb/ give poison to sth.使某人或某事中毒
hate each other like poison 彼此互相恨透
name one’s poison
Name your poison,please. 说出你要喝点什么酒啊。
What’s your poison? 你要喝什么酒？

■illogical adj. 不合逻辑的，无章法的
■octopus n. 章鱼
■delicacy n. 美味，佳肴
Eg.: He considered chicken to be a great delicacy.
delicate adj. 美味的，可口的，清淡的
delicious adj. 味道美的

■repulsive adj. 令人反感的，令人生厌的
disgusting adj.
The dish is repulsive.

■stomach n. 胃
■turn v. 感到恶心，翻胃
■fry v. 油炸
fry v.: be cooked in hot oil
fried egg 煎鸡蛋
fried bread
fring pan 煎锅

fry up 加热
Fry up the food, please.
fry in one's own fat 自作自受
have other fish to fry 另有要事要做
Eg: Hello,Lucy, let's go have dinner.
 That's good idea, but I have other fish to fry. Thank you very much.

■fat n. （动物、植物）油
put on fat 长胖，发胖
fat adj. 胖的 运用此adj.时常很不礼貌，因此用large, heavy, overweight 替代。

■abuse n. 辱骂，责骂
Don’t abuse your authority.
He greeted his wife with a stream of abuse. 他骂妻子的声音不绝于耳。

■snail n. 蜗牛
■luxury n. 奢侈品，珍品
The diamond ring is a luxury to me.
luxurious adj. 奢侈的，奢华的
a luxurious hotel

■associate v. 联想到
associate v. connect in one’s mind
A with B 把……跟……联想到一起= connect with.
Eg: I can't associate you with your wife.
Can you associate snails with delicious food.
associate with ==connect with==link with == be bound up with

■despise v. 鄙视
despise vt. regard as worthless
Eg.: We despise him for a coward. 我们把他看作一个懦夫。
look down upon 鄙视，瞧不起
Eg: Don't look down upon anyone.

■appeal v. 引起兴致
appeal to sb 引起某人兴趣
Eg: Eating snails never appeals to me.
appeal 上诉，呼吁
appeal for sth. 为某事而上诉

■shower n. 阵雨
■stroll n. 溜达，散步
stroll n. slow walking for pleasure in street or in garden.
go for a stroll; take a stroll; == go for a walk; take a walk
stroller 散步的人
stroll vi.
He is strolling along the road.
ramble 海岸，林中的漫步
The couple are irambling in the forest.
roam 不安定的漂泊，徘徊
The tramp roams every day.
wander 流浪，徘徊
He has nothing to do, so he is wandering along the street.
■impulse n. 冲动
impulse : a sudden wish to do sth.
on impulse 冲动的
He rushed out to catch up (with) the lady on impulse.
be driven by impulse to do sth. 情不自禁的做某事
Why did you do it?
I should say I was driven by impulse to do it like this.
impulsive adj. 冲动的
impulsively adv. 冲动地

■dozen n. 12个，一打
dozen: agroup of twelve
by the dozen 成打的
dozens of 许多的
two dozen eggs，a dozen roses. (其用法和hundred, thousand 一样)
a dozen of the (these ) roses 这些玫瑰中的一打
数词 +dozen +物品：……打……（物品）
Speak nineteen to the dozen 说个不停
Eg.: The old lady is speaking nineteen to the dozen.

■fancy v.喜爱，喜欢
Eg.: I don’t fancy living in the cold room.
fancy 想像，设想（=image） （表示一种惊讶的心情）（其后接动名词做宾语）
Fancy meeting you here. 没想到在这儿见到你。
fancy oneself 自以为是，自命不凡
Do you fancy yourself?

【Text】
Lesson 23 One man’s meat is another man’s poison 各有所爱
 Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
 what was it about snails that made the writer collect them for his friend on that day in particular?

People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten. If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive. On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat----the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.
No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail. Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world. There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food. My friend, Robert, lives in a country where snails are despised. As his flat is in a large town, he has no garden of his own. For years he has been asking me to collect snails from my garden and take them to him. The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants. Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to Robert. Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift. I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living room where we talked for a couple of hours. I had forgotten all about the snails when Robert suddenly said that I must stay to dinner. Snails would, of course, be the main dish. I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out of the room. To our dismay, we saw that there were snails everywhere: they had escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the hall! I have never been able to look at a snail since then.

参考译文
在决定什么能吃而什么不能吃的时候，人们往往变得不合情理。比如，如果你住在地中海地区，你会把章鱼视作是美味佳肴，同时不能理解为什么有人一见章鱼就恶心。另一方面，你一想到动物油炸土豆就会反胃，但这在北方许多国家却是一种普通的烹任方法。不无遗憾的是， 我们中的大部分人，生来就只吃某几种食品，而且一辈子都这样。
没有一种生物所受到的赞美和厌恶会超过花园里常见的蜗牛了。蜗牛加酒烧煮后，便成了世界上许多地方的一道珍奇的名菜。有不计其数的人们从小就知道蜗牛可做菜。但我的朋友罗伯特却住在一个厌恶蜗牛的国家中。他住在大城市里的一所公寓里，没有自己的花园。多年来，他一直让我把我园子里的蜗牛收集起来给他捎去。一开始，他的这一想法没有引起我多大兴趣。后来有一天，一场大雨后，我在花园里漫无目的散步，突然注意到许许多多蜗牛在我的一些心爱的花木上慢悠悠的蠕动着。我一时冲动，逮了几十只，装进一只纸袋里，带着去找罗伯特。罗伯特见到我很高兴，对我的薄礼也感到满意。我把纸袋放在门厅里，与罗伯特一起进了起居室，在那里聊了好几个钟头。我把蜗牛的事已忘得一干二净，罗伯特突然提出一定要我留下来吃晚饭，这才提醒了我。蜗牛当然是道主菜。我并不喜欢这个主意，所以我勉强跟着罗伯特走进了起居室。使我们惊愕的是门厅里到处爬满了蜗牛：它们从纸袋里逃了出来，爬得满厅都是！从那以后，我再也不能看一眼蜗牛了。
【课文讲解】

People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten.
人们在决定吃什么或者不吃什么的时候，往往变得不合情理。

当涉及到或谈及到叙述客观事实的时候
it comes to sth …………
it comes to doing sth ……
用于when 引导的时间状语从句

Eg.:He never complains when it comes to helping his wife with the house work.

for instance == for example
consider (to be)...

on the other hand 转折连接词，表示而另一方面
at the idea of: at 介词搭配作状语，表示当......就......；一......就......
at the idea of 一想到
at the sight of 一看到
at the mention of 一提到
at the news of 一听到......消息
at the touth of 一触摸到......东西
at the sound of 一听到......声音
at the thought of 一想到
Eg.: I was glad at the thought of getting something te eat.
 I always love at the mention of ghost story.

stick to + 名词==insist on doing sth == persist in doing sth

practice 表示习俗，做法
habit表示个人习惯
custom社会的风俗或习俗
Eg.: Early to bed and early to rise is good habit.
It is now quite common practice for married women not to take their husband’s second name.
The practice of closing shops on Sundays.
My practice to study English is to read everyday.
the custum of giving present at Christmas
Social customs vary greatly from country to country.
in many northern countries.

The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and )
that引导表语从句，说明truth的内容
bring up抚养
Eg.: Joe is born in England, but brought up in France.
 She was brought up to beliee that money is the most (great) important thing in life.
他从小到大一直认为金钱是生活中最重要的东西。
被动语态形式，表自小长大，在成长的过程当中已经习惯于......
I’ve been brought up to eat fish, just because my mother is fond of fish as well.
He has been brought up to eat fring potatoes just because his parents are fond of that.
He gave much attention to bring up his children.

stick to = keep to; not give up
Eg.: We stick to them all our lives.
I made my decision and I am going to stick to it. (to介词)
stick to the idea
stick to the plan
insist on doing sth. 坚持做某事
persist in doing sth. 坚持做某事

People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten.

No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail.
比较级表达最高级的概念
Nobody is more beautiflu than you.
He is more intelligent than anyone else in my class.
The common garden snail often receive more praise and abuse than other creatures.

cooked过去分词做定语，与snails构成被动关系。

countless: 无数的，数不尽的 (=numerous)
who引导定语从句
associate sth. with sth. 把某物与某物相联系

People there, don’t consider snails to be a great dilicacy.
no garden of his own 没有自己的庭院
Robert is forn of snails very much.
The idea never interested me very much...

happened to do 恰巧，碰巧
I happened to be out when he called.
We both happened to be travelling on the same plane.

happen / chance
It happened that I was out when he called.
It chanced that I was out when he called.

when
表示正在这时突然，通常使用过去进行时，过去完成时等搭配；位于句中
He was having a bath when the telephine suddenly rang.
We had not ... like this when ... came in.
We were about to start when it rained.

snails (that were ) taking a stroll...
现在分词做定语，修饰snails

on a sudden impulse 一时的，冲动的
Acting on a sudden impulse, he went shopping to buy several dresses.
Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift. ==Robert was not only delighted to see me, but also pleased with my little gift.

be delighted to do
be pleased to do

when特殊用法，表示就在这个时候

reluctantly: unwillingly 不情愿的

to our dismay 使我们感到惊愕的是
Eg.: Before we came back, all the snails had already escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the hall.

take possession 占据，占有
The soldiers took possession of enemies’ fort.
The terrorists took possession of the embassy.恐怖分子占领了大使馆。

The writer doesn’t fancy snails.
The writer doesn’t consider snails to be a great delicacy.

【Multiple choice questions】
Comprehension
1 In a country where snails are eaten, you would expect _____ .
a. to find a great many snails in people’s gardens
b. to fink that people cooked them in wine
c. snails to be so popular that they are a luxury only the rich can afford
d. people to be amazed by anyone who refused to eat them

2 The idea of collecting snails never appealed to the writer very much until _____ .
a. the sight of the snails made him think of Robert
b. a heavy shower of rain led him to look for them in his garden
c. a sudden impulse made him decide to visit the country where Robert lived
d. he felt obliged to remove them from his prize plants

3 When the writer arrived at Robert’s flat _____ .
a. Robert welcomed him warmly because of the snails he had brought
b. Robert immediately invited him to dinner in order to eat the snails
c. he forgot about giving Robert the snails until two hours later
d. he gave Robert the snails, little thinking Robert would propose a dinner with snails as the main dish

Structure
4 People are quite illogical when _____ deciding what… (ll.1-2)
a. it comes to b. they come to c. they come d. coming to
it comes to 经常用于when所引导的时间状语从句中，“当涉及到，当提及到”

5 Most of us have been brought up to eat certain kinds _____ .(l.7)
a. food b. of food c. of the foods d. foods
kinds 和介词of搭配
foods:各种各样的食物
certain kinds of food== certain foods

6 No creature _____ abused more often than…(l.9)
a. is being praised and b. is praised nor c. has been praised or d. has been praised and
and和or
在肯定句中，and表示并列关系
She smokes and drinks.
在否定句中，有两个对等的谓语、宾语、状语或者从句时，习惯用or, 把两个成分都否定掉。
She doesn’t smoke or drink.
She couldn’t remember who she was or where she lived.
如果否定句中出现了and, 语义表示转折，相当于bot.
The room is not big and comfertable.

7 Having left the bag in the hall, _____ into the living room. (ll.16-17)
a. I accompanied Robert b. Robert took me c. we went d. I and Robert went
left的逻辑主语是主句的主语

8 We saw the snails _____ from the paper bag… (ll.19-20)
a. escaping b. escape c. had escaped d. to escape
we saw (that) the snails ...

Vocabulary
9 On the other hand, you would _____ at the idea… (ll.5-6)
a. be sick b. sick c. sicken d. feel sick
sicken: 感到作哎，难受 （==feel sick ）(但非常不常用)
Eg.:He began to feel sick as soon as the ship started to move.
be动词只是强调延续的状态，而不是一种突然间的一种感觉

10 Snails would, of course, be the main _____ . (ll.18-19)
a. meal b. food c. plate d. course
be the main dish==be the ma

§ Lesson 22 By heart 熟记台词
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
●run v. （戏剧、电影等）
●lines n. （剧本中的）台词
●part n. 剧中的角色，台词
●falter v. 支吾，结巴说
●cast (cast, cast ) v. 选派……扮演角色
●role n. 角色
●aristocrat n. 贵族
●imprison v. 关押
●Bastille . 巴士底狱
●gaoler n. 监狱长，看守连演，连映
●colleague n. 同事
●curtain n. （舞台中的）幕布
●reveal v. 使显露
●cell n. 单人监房，监号
●blank adj. 空白的
●squint v. 眯着（眼）看，瞄
●dim adj. 昏暗
●sire n. （古用法）陛下
●proceed v. 继续进行

■run v. （戏剧、电影等）
The film is so successful that it runs for several weeks.

■lines n. （剧本中的）台词
■part n. 剧中的角色，台词
■falter vi. 支吾，结巴说

stammer
He has practised the poem several times, so he has no cause to falter.
falter v. 蹒跚而行（=stgger）
He faltered home.

■cast (cast, cast ) v. 选派……扮演角色
●role n. 角色
The actor was cast in the role of hero.

■aristocrat n. 贵族
■imprison v. 关押
put sb imprison: 关押
He was imprisoned for 10 years.
imprisonment：n.
sentence sb to life imprisonment：判某人终生监禁
监狱：prison, jail, gaol
把……送进监狱
send sb. to prison == put sb in prison == throw sb into prison
in prison 坐牢
the prison 监狱
He is in prison / jail.
He is behind boars.

■Bastille . 巴士底狱
■gaoler n. 监狱长，看守连演，连映
■colleague n. 同事
■curtain n. （舞台中的）幕布
■reveal v. 使显露
The secret hasn’t been reveald.
reveal:揭露，揭穿，把什么露出来
A curtain was up and revealed the beautiful scenery.
disclose:揭发
discclose the truth
discover: 发现
uncover: 揭开具体的盖子
A very tight dress reveals the beautiful figure. 紧身的裙子露出了漂亮的身段。
revealabel adj. 可展现的
revealer: 探测器

■cell n. 单人监房，监号
■blank adj. 空白的
■squint . 眯着（眼）看，瞄
squint one's eyes 眯上眼睛
Eg.: He squinted his eyes and looked at the letter.
pear at : 眯着眼睛看

■dim adj. 昏暗
The room is too dim so I can;t read the letter.
gloomy天气，心情)抑郁的
The weather is gloomy today.
He is in gloomy mood.
dusky天色)昏暗的
Towards evening is getting dusky.
murly:（天色）漆黑的，黑暗的
I can’t go out at murky night.
misty:多雾的，迷蒙的

The building is out of sight on such a misty day.

■sire n. （古用法）陛下
■proceed v. 继续进行
proceed vi. particular after stopping
proceed to / with:进行继续某事
Let’s proceed to business.
You must proceed with your work.
proceed from 从什么着手开始继续
They proceed from lesson 1.
procced from 起诉某人
Eg: He decided to proceed against his neighbour.

【Text】
§ Lesson 22 By heart 熟记台词
 Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
Which actor read the letter in the end, the aristocrat or the gaoler?

Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night. One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case.
A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years. In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart. The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his hands. He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat. But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual. It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines. The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. Then, squinting his eyes, he said: 'The light is dim. Read the letter to me.' And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler. Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: 'The light is indeed dim, sire. I must get my glasses.' With this, he hurried off the stage. Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.

参考译文
有些剧目十分成功，以致连续上演好几年。这样一来，可怜的演员们可倒霉了。因为他们需要一夜连着一夜地重复同样的台词。人们以为，这些演员一定会把台词背得烂熟，绝不会临场结巴的，但情况却并不总是这样。
有一位名演员曾在一出极为成功的剧目中扮演一个贵族角色，这个贵族已在巴士底狱被关押了20年。在最后一幕中，狱卒手持一封信上场，然后将信交给狱中那位贵族。尽管那个贵族每场戏都得念一遍那封信。但他还是坚持要求将信的全文写在信纸上。
一天晚上，狱卒决定与他的同事开一个玩笑，看看他反复演出这么多场之后，是否已将信的内容记熟了。大幕拉开，最后一幕戏开演，贵族独自一人坐在铁窗后阴暗的牢房里。这时狱卒上场，手里拿着那封珍贵的信。狱卒走进牢房，将信交给贵族。但这回狱卒给贵族的信没有像往常那样把全文写全，而是一张白纸。狱卒热切地观察着，急于想了解他的同事是否记熟了台词。贵族盯着纸看了几秒钟，然后，眼珠一转，说道：“光线太暗，请给我读一下这封信。”说完，他一下子把信递给狱卒。狱卒发现自己连一个字也记不住，于是便说：“陛下，这儿光线的确太暗了，我得去眼镜拿来。”他一边说着，一边匆匆下台。贵族感到非常好笑的是：一会儿工夫，狱卒重新登台，拿来一副眼镜以及平时使用的那封信，然后为那囚犯念了起来。
作者：一条名叫夭夭的鱼 提交日期：2005-06-13 09:02   

【课文讲解】
by heart 熟记台词

on end
1．== continuously: 连续的，位于具体的时间之后
Eg: He sat there for hours on end.
 We had hardly anything to eat for days on end.
2． ==upright 竖着
Eg: The cat's fur stood on end.
I got a big shock so my hear stood on end.我吓了一大跳，以致于毛骨悚然。

who = actor, 关系代词做主语，不能省略
Eg.: The student who was required to recite the poem 100 times is really poor.

learn/ know by heart: 把……牢记在心
Eg.: The sentence is so important that you must learn it by heart.

heart and soul 全心全意的，全身心的
Eg: We serve the students heart and soul
take heart 鼓起勇气，恢复信心
lose heart 失去信心
lose heart to sb= give heart to sb: 轻信于某人
Eg: The boy lost his heart to the girl
put one's heart into sth: 致力于某事
Eg: Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.世上无难事，只怕有心人
have one's heart in one's boots提心吊胆
Eg: He had his heart in his boots when he went out alone at night.

even though = even if = though / although
at each performance = at every performance

insist: 坚决要求，suggest:建议， order:命令，demand:要求，require:要求
表示建议/要求/希望，和that宾语从句搭配，that从句必须出现should + 动词原形的虚拟，should 可以省略。

in full==fully=completely
play a joke(cheek) on sb: 开某人玩笑
on the final act == in the last act

with，独立主格结构

hand to == present sth. to == pass to 把……递给某人

as usual

look on 旁观
anxious,形容词短语做伴随状况状语

stare at 一眨不眨地
squinting: ing形式，做方式状语，伴随状况状语

prmptly ==immediately

with this 说完这话
hurry off
much, 用来加强语气


play a joke on 开玩笑; play a trick on 捉弄，单方面取乐
have a joke with sb. 和某人开玩笑，强调两人共同取乐
Eg.: He laughs best who laughs last. 笑到最后的才是笑得最好的。

【Multiple choice questions】
Comprehension
1 Which of the following proverbs suits the gist of the story best?
a. He laughs best, who laughs last.
b. Speech is silver, but silence is golden.
c. Look before you leap.
d. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.

2 The play in which the two actors took part _____ .
a. had had a highly successful run of twenty years
b. was about the plight of a nobleman
c. ended with the imprisonment of the aristocrat
d. had been performed so often that audiences were bored by it
end with 以......结束

3 Which statement is true?
When the aristocrat was presented with a blank sheet of paper, _____ .
a. he improvised the words which he had forgotten
b. the gaoler was eagerly waiting to take the aristocrat’s part
c. he pretended that the light was not good enough for him to read by
d. he asked the gaoler to fetch him some glasses

Structure
4 A gaoler would come on stage with a letter_____ to the prisoner. (ll.7-8)
a. to be delivering b. and delivered c.to deliver d. delivered
with a letter独立主格结构，只有动词不定式to 有要做某事
倘若应用for, 此句应改为 with a letter for the prisoner.

5 He always insisted _____ in full. (l.9)
a. on its being written out b. on writing it out
c. to have it written out d. that it would have to be written out
insist that + should
insist on + 名词，动名词
d选项中would 改为should

6 --to find out if he _____ the contents of the letter by heart. (ll.10-11)
a. had known b. was knowing c. knew d. know

7 But he gave _____ which had not been written out in full. (ll.13-14)
a. the copy to him b. a copy him c. him a copy d. him the copy
give him a copy
a表示任意的一份，the 表示特指
a选项中the copy to him 改为a copy to him即可

8 _____ remember a word of the letter, so he replied… (ll.17-18)
a. But neither could the gaoler b. Nor the gaoler could
c. Also the gaoler could not d. Either the gaoler could not
neither, nor用于句首，句子倒装

Vocabulary
9 The gaoler decided to _____ his colleague. (l.10)
a. have a joke with b. play the fool with c. make fun of d. play a trick on
play a joke on 开玩笑； play a trick on 捉弄，单方面取乐
have a joke with sb. 和某人开玩笑，强调两人共同取乐
Eg.: I’ve just had a joke with my classmate.

10 He wanted to see if his fellow actor had _____ learnt his lines. (ll.10-11)
a. lastly b. in the end c. conclusively d. finally
finally 最后(用于句中)
lastly 顺序上的最后
in the end 强调最终失败的结果（用于句首或句尾）
Eg.: He worked harder and harder, but in the end he failed.
conclusively 总结的

11 Then, _____ about him, he said,…(l.16)
a. searching b. peering c. blinking d. staring
peer about 眯着眼睛看
Eg: When you enter a cinema, you often have to peer about.
search:搜寻，寻找：search for sth.
blink 眨眼睛
stare: 盯着看： stare at

12 Agreeing that the light was dim, the gaoler _____ he would get his glasses. (l.18)
a.spoke b. informed c. said d. rejoined
informed 表示正式的通知
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【Key to Multiple choice questions】
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. C

§ Lesson 21 Daniel Mendoza 丹尼尔·门多萨
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
●boxing n. 拳击
●boxer n. 拳击手
●bare adj. 赤裸的
●prizefighter n. 职业拳击手（尤指古时赤手拳击手）
●crude adj. 粗野的
●marquis n. 侯爵
●technically adv. 严格根据法律意义地
●science n. 科学
●popularity n. 名望
●adore v. 崇拜，爱戴
●alike adv. 一样地
●fame n. 名声
●eminent adj. 著名的，杰出的
●bitterly adv. 厉害地
●bet (bet, bet; betted, betted) v. 打赌
●academy n. 专业学校
●extravagant adj. 浪费的，奢侈
●poverty n. 贫困

■boxing n. 拳击
■boxer n. 拳击手
■bare adj. 赤裸的
bare uncovered
bare (部分的)赤裸
bare fist 赤手空拳
bare foot 光着脚的
bare handed 光着手的
bare legged 光着腿的
naked 全裸
He’s walking in bare feet.
He is naked.

nude adj. 光秃秃的； n. 裸体（雕象，油画）
a nude hillside 光秃秃的山坡

■prizefighter n. 职业拳击手（尤指古时赤手拳击手）
■crude adj. 粗野的
be crude to sb 对……粗鲁，无理 , rude语气比 crude 要弱
He is crude to the girl.

■marquis n. 侯爵
■technically adv. 严格根据法律意义地
■science n. 科学
■popularity n. 名望
in popularity 受欢迎，受喜爱
Instant foods are getting in popularity. 即食食品越来越受欢迎。
popular songs are in popularity.
popular with 受人喜爱
popularity 名望，受人欢迎的状态
fame 出名的名声 famous adj.
reputation 声誉

■adore v. 崇拜，爱戴
More and more people adore the famous adtress.

■alike adv. 一样地
He was adored by rich, and poor alike.
The teacher is adored by boy, girl and alike.

■fame n. 名声
■eminent adj. 著名的，杰出的
eminent scientist
distinguished

■bitterly adv. 厉害地
It is blowing bitterly.
bitter:苦的、辛酸的、刺骨的
bitter pills may have wholesome effects 良药

■bet (bet, bet; betted, betted) v. 打赌
bet on sth. 以...打赌
bet sb. that 跟某人打赌
bet one's bottom dollar on somebody 对……孤注一掷
He bet his bottom dollar on his last attempt.
bet on the wrong horse 对…… 做出了错误的判断
I bet 我肯定，我断言

■academy n. 专业学校
■extravagant adj. 浪费的，奢侈
extravagant hobit
thrifty frugal economical

■poverty n. 贫困
in poverty 在贫困当中
indigence 贫困 (正式)
destitution 赤贫
penury 诘据
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【Text】
§ Lesson 21 Daniel Mendoza 丹尼尔·门多萨
Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
How many unsucessful attempts did Mendoza make before becoming Champion of all England?

Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for Prize money. Because of this, they were known as 'prizefighters'. However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.
One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza who was born in 1764. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860 when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules. Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike.
Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old. This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England. He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn. In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him. The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight. A match was held at Stilton where both men fought for an hour. The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England. Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils. He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as &100 for a single appear-
ance. Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt. After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.
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参考译文
两百年前，拳击比赛在英国非常盛行。当时，拳击手们不戴手套，为争夺奖金而搏斗。因此，他们被称作“职业拳击手”。不过，拳击是十分野蛮的，因为当时没有任何比赛规则，职业拳击手有可能在比赛中受重伤，甚至丧命。
拳击史上最引人注目的人物之一是丹尼尔.门多萨，他生于1764年。1860年昆斯伯里侯爵第一次为拳击比赛制定了规则，拳击比赛这才用上了手套。虽然门多萨严格来讲不过是个职业拳击手，但在把这种粗野的拳击变成一种体育运动方面，他作出了重大贡献。是他把科学引进了这项运动。门多萨在的全盛时期深受大家欢迎，无论是富人还是穷人都对他祟拜备至。
门多萨在14岁时参加一场拳击赛后一举成名。这引起当时英国拳坛名将理查德.汉弗莱斯的注意。他主动提出教授门多萨，而年少的门多萨一学就会。事实上，门多萨不久便名声大振，致使汉弗莱斯与他反目为敌。两个人争吵不休，显而易见，只有较量一番才能解决问题。于是两人在斯蒂尔顿设下赛场，厮打了一个小时。公众把大笔赌注下到了门多萨身上，但他却输了。后来，门多萨与汉弗莱斯再次在拳击场上较量，门多萨又输了一场。直到1790年他们第3次对垒，门多萨才终于击败汉弗莱斯，成了全英拳击冠军。同时，他建立了一所拳击学校，办得很成功，连拜伦勋爵也成了他的学生。门多萨挣来大笔大笔的钱，一次出场费就多可达100英镑。尽管收入不少，但他挥霍无度，经常债台高筑。他在被一个叫杰克逊绅士的拳击手击败后很快被遗忘。他因无力还债而被捕入狱，最后于1836年在贫困中死去。

in popularity
fought with bare fists: 赤手空拳的打斗
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背熟：One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza who was born in 1764.
one of the most famous people

introduce: bring in
Potatos were introduced into Europe from South America.

drew up: 制定，起草
Sb. did much to do sth.

in his full time in his good day

rise to fame = become famous

attract sb.’s sttention == attract the attention of sb.

turn against sb 与……反目成仇
severely

背熟：It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion.

as much as 多达
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in debt: 欠债

本课重点：定语从句（限制性和非限制性）
【Multiple choice questions】P109
Comprehension
1 Richard Humphries offered to train Mendoza because _____ .
a. he wanted to learn the techniques that Mendoza had introduced to boxing
b. for one so young, Mendoza had displayed an unusual grasp of the game
c. he had attended the boxing match which led to Mendoza’s early fame
d. he was anxious to establish himself as a superior boxer to Mendoza

2 At the match between Humphries and Mendoza at Stilton _____.
a. Mendoza lost a great deal of money to the public
b. after an hour’s fighting Humphries became champion of England
c. Mendoza lost twice to Humphries
d. the argument between the two men was settled in favour of Humphries

3 Apart from the money he earned at matches, Mendoza _____ .
a. earned a lot from the Academy which he founded after becoming Champion
b. earned so much money that he became a rich man
c. greatly supplemented his income by teaching the art of boxing
d. was given enormous sums by Lord Byron
apart from: 除了什么之外还有

Structure
4 In those days, _____ ‘prizefighters’ because they fought with bare fists for prize money.(ll.2-3)
a. they called boxers b. boxers called c. boxers being called d. they were called boxers

5 A prizefighter could suffer a serious injury or _____ during a … (ll.4-5)
a. even be killed b. be even killed c. even killed d. was even killed
even could be killed : could 被省略了
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6 Mendoza _____ boxing into a sport. (ll.8-9)
a. was much changed by b. did a great deal to change
c. changed a great deal of d. much changed

7 He was so extravagant that he _____ people money. (l.20)
a. always owed to b. always owed c. owed always d. was always owing to
原文：in delt
owe money to people
owe money to sb== owe sb money

Vocabulary
8 One of the most _____ in boxing history was …(ll.6-7)
a. vivid personalities b. famous people c. painted images d.imaginative characters
personality : 个性==character
image: 偶像

9 ----after a boxing match at the _____ young age of fourteen. (l.11)
a. marvellously b. singly c. exceptionally d. unequally
exceptionally =>unusually： 不同寻常的
marvellously =>wonderfully:奇妙的，奇异的
singly : 单独的
unequally :独一无二的
Eg.: an exceptionally beautiful girl

10 Mendoza’s _____ to fame was noted by Richard Humphries. (ll.11-12)
a. rise b. rose c. raise d. claim
名词形式，名词所有格， rise: vi.&n.

11 Humphries soon becamem ____ Mendoza’s success. (ll.13-14)
a. jealous of b. disinterested in c. revolted by d. changed by

12 Mendoza finally _____ Humphries and became Champion of England. (ll.17-18)
a. conquered b. gained c. won d. beat
beat = debeat
conquer: 征服
gain: 赢得，获得
win: 赢得（比赛）
【Key to Multiple choice questions】
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A 12. D
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